Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression of log-transformed urinary biomarker levels indexed to urinary creatinine and the primary outcomes of incident CKD, incident albuminuria, incident CVD, and all-cause mortality
| Biomarker | Incident CKD | Incident Albuminuria | Incident CVD | All-Cause Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | P Value | OR [95% CI] | P Value | HR [95% CI] | P Value | HR [95% CI] | P Value | |
| N cases/total n | 194/2141 | 175/1812 | 225/2795 | 404/2948 | ||||
| α1-microglobulin | 1.03 [0.88 to 1.21] | 0.7 | 1.09 [0.92 to 1.28] | 0.3 | 1.08 [0.94 to 1.23] | 0.3 | 1.26 [1.13 to 1.40] | <0.001 |
| β2-microglobulin | 0.97 [0.83 to 1.13] | 0.7 | 0.95 [0.81 to 1.11] | 0.5 | 1.10 [0.97 to 1.26] | 0.1 | 1.15 [1.05 to 1.27] | 0.004 |
| Calbindin | 0.90 [0.77 to 1.05] | 0.2 | 0.98 [0.84 to 1.15] | 0.8 | 1.04 [0.91 to 1.19] | 0.6 | 1.14 [1.02 to 1.26] | 0.02 |
| Clusterin | 0.94 [0.80 to 1.11] | 0.5 | 0.95 [0.81 to 1.12] | 0.5 | 1.00 [0.87 to 1.14] | 0.9 | 1.05 [0.95 to 1.16] | 0.4 |
| CTGF | 0.83 [0.71 to 0.98] | 0.03 | 1.06 [0.90 to 1.24] | 0.5 | 1.08 [0.95 to 1.24] | 0.2 | 1.09 [0.98 to 1.20] | 0.1 |
| Cystatin-C | 0.85 [0.73 to 1.00] | 0.05 | 0.93 [0.79 to 1.10] | 0.4 | 1.12 [0.98 to 1.28] | 0.09 | 1.06 [0.96 to 1.17] | 0.2 |
| GST-α | 0.96 [0.81 to 1.12] | 0.6 | 1.10 [0.94 to 1.28] | 0.2 | 1.07 [0.94 to 1.21] | 0.3 | 1.10 [1.00 to 1.20] | 0.04 |
| Kim-1 | 1.16 [0.97 to 1.38] | 0.1 | 1.19 [0.99 to 1.41] | 0.06 | 1.09 [0.94 to 1.26] | 0.2 | 1.17 [1.04 to 1.31] | 0.007 |
| NGAL | 1.00 [0.85 to 1.17] | 1.0 | 1.11 [0.95 to 1.31] | 0.2 | 1.04 [0.91 to 1.18] | 0.6 | 1.06 [0.97 to 1.17] | 0.2 |
| Osteopontin | 0.92 [0.79 to 1.06] | 0.3 | 0.96 [0.82 to 1.11] | 0.6 | 1.00 [0.88 to 1.14] | 1.0 | 1.00 [0.91 to 1.10] | 1.0 |
| TFF-3 | 1.00 [0.85 to 1.16] | 0.9 | 0.95 [0.80 to 1.11] | 0.5 | 1.04 [0.92 to 1.19] | 0.5 | 1.21 [1.10 to 1.34] | 0.001 |
| Tamm–Horsfall Protein | 1.00 [0.85 to 1.20] | 0.9 | 1.09 [0.91 to 1.29] | 0.4 | 1.02 [0.89 to 1.18] | 0.8 | 1.06 [0.95 to 1.19] | 0.3 |
| TIMP-1 | 0.90 [0.76 to 1.06] | 0.2 | 0.97 [0.82 to 1.14] | 0.7 | 1.09 [0.96 to 1.25] | 0.2 | 1.11 [1.01 to 1.23] | 0.03 |
| VEGF | 0.99 [0.84 to 1.18] | 0.9 | 1.02 [0.86 to 1.20] | 0.8 | 1.03 [0.89 to 1.18] | 0.7 | 1.07 [0.96 to 1.19] | 0.2 |
Risks associated with a 1 SD increment in the natural logarithm of the biomarker. CKD is defined as eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Incident CKD analysis adjusted for age, sex, baseline GFR, hypertension, diabetes, and dipstick proteinuria. Albuminuria defined as UACR≥17 mg/g in men and ≥25 mg/g in women. Incident albuminuria analysis adjusted for age, sex, hypertension and diabetes, and dipstick proteinuria. Incident CVD was defined as one or more of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attacks. Incident CVD analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, total to HDL cholesterol ratio, eGFR, and UACR after exclusion of prevalent CVD cases. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality results are presented per SD increment of the biomarker using Cox proportional hazards models. All-cause mortality analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, total to HDL cholesterol ratio, eGFR, UACR, and baseline CVD. OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.