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Outline of cohort selection. All N=77,741 living kidney donors reported to OPTN/UNOS between 1998 and 2010 were identified. After excluding 8403 donors with no recorded residential zip code in either OPTN/UNOS data or the US Census and 11,442 donors with missing or non-white and non-African-American race, 57,896 living kidney donors were identified for study inclusion.
