Table 1.
Mediator | Measurements used | Results | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
Ischemic stroke | |||
Galectin 3 | Galectin 3−/− mice subjected to 60-minute MCAO followed by reperfusion for either 24 or 72 hours | Galectin 3 reduces cell death and infarct volume | [23] |
Notch | Primary cell cultures and in vivo models of microglial activation (LPS) and MCAO in antisense Notch mice | Notch leads to increased neuroinflammation | [44] |
SPARC | Focal photothrombotic model of ischemic stroke in SPARC−/− mice | SPARC−/− microglia have increased processes length and branching and increased microgliosis | [45] |
HMGB1 | shRNA and HMGB1 inhibitor used to knock down HMGB1 in ischemic stroke model and primary microglial cultures | HMGB1 promotes neuroinflammation | [46–48] |
CX3CL1 | Behavioral outcomes, edema, peripheral cell infiltration, cytokine production in CX3CR1 knockout mice in 30- and 60-minute MCAO | CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling leads to worse functional outcome and higher neuroinflammation | [49–54] |
| |||
Intracerebral hemorrhage | |||
Thrombin | Thrombin injection in rats and in culture caused neuronal apoptosis and increased cytokine production | Activates microglia and promotes cytokine production | [55–60] |
Heme | Blood or hemin injection | Activates microglia and leads to neuroinflammation | [61–63] |
SPARC: secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1.