Table 2.

Sources of autofluorescence in plant cells.

Molecule	Localization	Emission wavelength	References
Chlorophyll	Plastids	450–700 nm, 675–680 nm	Agati, 1998; Vitha and Osteryoung, 2011
UV-VIOLET FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Lignin	Cell wall	358 nm; 440 nm	Albinsson et al., 1999; Djikanović et al., 2007
BLUE FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Cellulose	Cell wall	420–430 nm	Pöhlker et al., 2011
NAD(P)H	Plastids	450 nm	Poot et al., 2002
Pterins/folates	Vacuole, mitochondria, plastids, cytosol	450 nm	Wolfbeis, 1985; Hossain et al., 2004
CYAN FLUORESCENT PROTEINS–GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Terpenes	(Flowers)	470–525 nm	Roshchina, 2012
Flavonoids	Ubiquitous	470–525 nm	Roshchina, 2012
Lipofuscin-like	(Pollen)	475–480 nm	Roshchina and Karnaukhov, 1999
GREEN–YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Phenols	Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts	490–560 nm	Roshchina, 2012
Flavins	Ubiquitous	520 nm	Wolfbeis, 1985
Betaxanthins	Flowers	530–560 nm	Gandía-Herrero et al., 2005
β-carotin	Chloroplast, lipid globules	560 nm	Gillbro and Cogdell, 1989; Kleinegris et al., 2010
YELLOW–ORANGE FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Polyacetylene	Vacuole	530–595 nm	Roshchina, 2012
Isoquinoline	Vacuole	530–595 nm	Otani et al., 2005; Roshchina, 2012
Acridone alkaloids	Vacuole, (idioblasts)	530–595 nm	Eilert et al., 1986; Roshchina, 2012
RED FLUORESCENT PROTEINS
Anthocyanins	Vacuole, (pollen)	600–630	Roshchina, 2012
Azulenes	(Pollen)	600–630	Roshchina, 2012