Table 1.
The rise in NO of guard cells as a common event during stomatal closure induced by hormones, elicitors or environmental factors.
| Effector | Source in vivo | Test plant | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| PLANT HORMONES | |||
| ABA | Endogenous | Vicia faba | García-Mata and Lamattina, 2002 |
| Pisum sativum | Gonugunta et al., 2008 | ||
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Neill et al., 2008; Islam et al., 2010 | ||
| MJ | Endogenous | A. thaliana | Munemasa et al., 2007; Saito et al., 2009 |
| V. faba | Xin et al., 2005 | ||
| SA | Endogenous | V. faba, Commelina communis | Xin et al., 2003 |
| A. thaliana | Sun et al., 2010; Khokon et al., 2011 | ||
| Lycopersicon esculentum | Poór and Tari, 2012 | ||
| Ethylene | Endogenous | A. thaliana | Jing et al., 2010 |
| V. faba | Liu et al., 2012 | ||
| BIOTIC STRESS COMPONENTS (ELICITORS) | |||
| Chitosan | Derivative of chitin fragments from fungal cell wall | L. esculentum, C. communis | Lee et al., 1999 |
| P. sativum | Srivastava et al., 2009 | ||
| A. thaliana | Khokon et al., 2010b | ||
| Flg22* | 22 amino acid peptide from Flagellin, bacterial flagellar protein | A. thaliana | Melotto et al., 2006 |
| LPS* | Glycolipid component of gram negative bacterial outer membrane | A. thaliana | Melotto et al., 2006 |
| E. coli O157:H7 | Human pathogen | A. thaliana | Melotto et al., 2006 |
| Harpin | Xanthomonas oryzae | Nicotiana benthamiana | Zhang et al., 2009a, 2012b |
| INF1 | Phytophthora infestans | N. benthamiana | Zhang et al., 2009a |
| Boehmerin | Phytophthora boehmeriae | N. benthamiana | Zhang et al., 2009a, 2012b |
| Nep1 | Magnaporthe oryzae | N. benthamiana | Zhang et al., 2012b |
| YEL (Yeast elicitor) | Yeast extract | A. thaliana | Khokon et al., 2010a |
| Oligochitosan | Fragment of chitosan prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis | Brassica napus | Li et al., 2009b |
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | |||
| UV-B | Environment | V. faba | He et al., 2005 |
| A. thaliana | He et al., 2013 | ||
| Bicarbonate (mimics high CO2) | Environment | P. sativum | Kolla and Raghavendra, 2007 |
| SIGNALING COMPONENTS | |||
| CaCl2 (Buffered) | Endogenous | A. thaliana | Wang et al., 2012 |
| H2O2 | Endogenous | V. faba | He et al., 2005 |
| A. thaliana | Bright et al., 2006 | ||
| Calmodulin | Endogenous | A. thaliana | Li et al., 2009a |
*
PAMP- the term used for elicitors like flg22, LPS.