Table 3.

Use of Antidiabetic Medications^* in the Second or Third Trimester of Pregnancy Among 437,950 Pregnancies Resulting in a Live Birth, By Maternal Characteristics and Combinations of Drug Classes, 2001–2007

	All Deliveries	Any Antidiabetic Drug Use		Insulin Use Only		Metformin Use Only		Other Agent Use Only		Insulin Plus Other Oral Agent		Metformin Plus Any Other Drug
	n	n	%†	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
All centers combined	437950	14187	3.24	9993	2.28	410	0.09	3024	0.69	563	0.13	197	0.04
Year of delivery
2001	46742	1296	2.77	1127	2.41	7	0.01	135	0.29	26	0.06	1	0.00
2002	62863	1876	2.98	1602	2.55	11	0.02	193	0.31	58	0.09	12	0.02
2003	65486	2028	3.10	1571	2.40	24	0.04	346	0.53	73	0.11	14	0.02
2004	65028	2137	3.29	1568	2.41	56	0.09	405	0.62	80	0.12	28	0.04
2005	64539	2131	3.30	1382	2.14	85	0.13	529	0.82	102	0.16	33	0.05
2006	66315	2293	3.46	1341	2.02	97	0.15	685	1.03	124	0.19	46	0.07
2007	66977	2426	3.62	1402	2.09	130	0.19	731	1.09	100	0.15	63	0.09
Maternal age at delivery (years)
Younger than 18	8617	33	0.38	28	0.32	0	-	5	0.06	0	-	0	-
18–24	69019	836	1.21	650	0.94	16	0.02	143	0.21	21	0.03	6	-
25–29	118076	2850	2.41	2010	1.70	111	0.09	591	0.50	113	0.10	25	0.02
30–34	142349	4939	3.47	3506	2.46	161	0.11	1034	0.73	171	0.12	67	0.05
35–39	80595	4153	5.15	2853	3.54	99	0.12	926	1.15	198	0.25	77	0.10
40–44	18270	1291	7.07	896	4.90	21	0.11	299	1.64	55	0.30	20	0.11
45–50	1024	85	8.30	50	4.88	2	0.20	26	2.54	5	0.49	2	0.20
Maternal race or ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	185614	4460	2.40	3257	1.75	218	0.12	758	0.41	163	0.09	64	0.03
Hispanic	124125	5004	4.03	3696	2.98	100	0.08	963	0.78	173	0.14	72	0.06
Asian American	53756	2204	4.10	1362	2.53	33	0.06	675	1.26	108	0.20	26	0.05
Black or African American	35767	1328	3.71	1001	2.80	24	0.07	225	0.63	59	0.16	19	0.05
Native American	1305	61	4.67	46	3.52	4	0.31	6	0.46	4	0.31	1	0.08
Other	21189	661	3.12	300	1.42	13	0.06	304	1.43	34	0.16	10	0.05
Unknown	16194	469	2.90	331	2.04	18	0.11	93	0.57	22	0.14	5	0.03
Maternal education (completed years)
Fewer than 12	35095	1261	3.59	938	2.67	13	0.04	241	0.69	43	0.12	26	0.07
12	99585	3451	3.47	2541	2.55	68	0.07	671	0.67	123	0.12	48	0.05
More than 12	277643	8535	3.07	5859	2.11	306	0.11	1911	0.69	345	0.12	114	0.04
Unknown	25627	940	3.67	655	2.56	23	0.09	201	0.78	52	0.20	9	0.04
Gestational age (completed weeks)
Fewer than 28	2200	91	4.14	68	3.09	6	0.27	12	0.55	3	0.14	2	0.09
28 to 31	3885	217	5.59	157	4.04	12	0.31	33	0.85	8	0.21	7	0.18
32 to 36	34901	1968	5.64	1443	4.13	47	0.13	373	1.07	73	0.21	32	0.09
37 to 41	372718	11304	3.03	7919	2.12	322	0.09	2469	0.66	445	0.12	149	0.04
42 or more	24246	607	2.50	406	1.67	23	0.09	137	0.57	34	0.14	7	0.03

^*This analyses examined the following categories: insulin only, metformin only, other oral agents only (does not include metformin; includes sulfonylureas, thiazolidenediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and combinations of these products), insulin with on oral agent (other than metformin), and metformin plus any other antidiabetic drug.

^†All percentages shown are row percentages with all deliveries in the corresponding row as the denominator.