Table II. Studies investigating neurodevelopmental disorders that are reviewed in this paper. Bold indicates study that examined age* diagnosis effect. AD, autism disorder; TD, typically developing; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; FX, Fragile X; DD, developmental delay; ADHD, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; WS, Williams syndrome; ICA, independent components analysis; * = no gender information; (# F), number of female participants. ‡ indicates study for which we have included a figure; # indicates study listed in multiple places.

Study	N	Ages	Modality
Autism
Langan et al, 2009	99 AD (8 F), 89 TD (7 F)	6-25 yo	Brain volume
Hardan et al, 2009	18 AD, 16 TD, all male	8-12 yo baseline	Brain volume, cortical thickness
Brun et al, 2009	24 AD, 26 TD, all male	6-16 yo	Brain volume
Mengotti et al, 2011	20 AD (2 F), 22 TD (2 F)	4-14 yo	Brain volume, DTI
Hua at al, 2013	13 AD,7 TD, all male	6-13 yo baseline	Brain volume
Barnea-Goraly et al, 2004	7 AD, 9 TD, all male	AD mean=14.6, TD mean=13.4	DTI
Bashat et al, 2007	7 AD, 41 TD (23 F)	1.8-3.3 AD, 4 mo-23 yo TD	DTI
Keller et al, 2007	34 AD, 31 TD, all male	10-35 yo	DTI
Barnea-Goraly et al, 2010	13 AD (2 F), 13 same-sex siblings, 11 TD (2 F)	6-13 yo	DTI
Shukla et al, 2010‡	26 AD (1 F), 24 TD (1 F)	9-20 yo	DTI
Cherkassky et al, 2006	57 AD (4 F), 57 TD (5 F)	AD mean=24, TD mean=24	Seed-based func. conn.
Just et al, 2007	18 AD (1 F), 18 TD (5 F)	AD mean=27.1, TD mean=24.5	Seed-based func. conn.
Kennedy et al, 2008	12 AD, 12 TD, all male	15-52 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Monk et al, 2009	12 AD (1 F), 12 TD (2 F)	AD mean=26, TD mean=27	Seed-based func. conn.
Noonan et al, 2009	10 AD, 10 TD, all male	14-43 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Weng et al, 2010	16 AD (2 F), 15 TD (1 F)	13-18 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Assaf et al, 2010	15 AD (1 F), 15 TD (2 F)	10-23 yo	ICA func. conn.
Rudie et al, 2012‡	23 AD (2 F), 25 TD (3 F)	8-17 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Rudie et al, 2013	42 AD (6 F), 37 TD (6 F)	9-18 yo	Graph theory func. conn
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Castellanos et al, 2002	152 ADHD (63 F), 133 TD (56 F)	4-19 yo	Brain volume
Sowell et al, 2003	27 ADHD (11 F), 46 TD (17 F)	8-18 yo	Brain volume
Carmona et al, 2005	25 ADHD (4 F), 25 TD (4 F)	6-16 yo	Brain volume
Shaw et al, 2006	163 ADHD (*), 168 TD (*)	Maan baseline=8 yo	Cortical thickness
Shaw et al, 2007	223 ADHD (82 F), 223 TD (82 F)	Maan baseline=10 yo	Cortical thickness
Brieber et al, 2007	15 AD, 15 ADHD, 15 TD	ADHD mean=13.1, TD mean=13.3	Bra in volume
Luders et al, 2009	19 ADHD, 19 TD, all male	7-16 yo	Callosal thickness
Kobel et al, 2010	14 ADHD, 12 TD, all male	9-13 yo	Brain volume, DTI, ICA func. conn.
Ashtari et al, 2005	18 ADHD (6 F), 15 ADHD (6 F)	7-11 yo	DTI
Hamilton et al, 2008	17 ADHD, 16 TD, all male	ADHD mean=12.0, TD mean=11.7	DTI
Pavuluri et al, 2009	13 PBD (3 F), 13 ADHD (1 F), 13 TD (7 F)	ADHD mean=13.4, TD mean=13.7	DTI
Silk et al, 2O09a,b	15 ADHD, 15 TD, all male	8-18 yo	DTI
Tamm et al, 2012‡	12 ADHD, 12 TD, all male	14-18 yo	DTI
Lawrence et al, 2013	56 ADH D {17 F), 31 siblings (24 F),17 TD (11 F)	6-18 yo	DTI
Cao et al, 2006	29 ADHD, 27 TD, all male	11-16.5 yo	Regional homogeneity (func. conn.)
Wang et al, 2009	19 ADHD, 20 TD, all male	ADHD mean=13.6, TD mean=13.3	graph theory func. conn.
Fair et al, 2010	23 ADHD (7 F), 23 TD (11 F)	7-16 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Qiu et al, 2011	15 ADHD, 15 TD, all male	10-15 yo	Brain volume, cortical thickness, DTI, ICA func. conn.
Fragile X
Lee et al, 2007	36 FX (18 F), 33 TD (17 F)	FX mean=14.7, TD mean=14.7	Brain volume
Hoeft et al, 2010	41 FX, 28 TD, all male	1-3 yo baseline	Brain volume
Hoeft et al, 2011‡	52 FX, 31 TD, all male	1-4 yo	Brain volume
Hazlett et al, 2012	53 FX, 50 TD, all male	18-42 mo baseline	Brain volume
Peng et al, 2013	48 FX (*), 28 DD (*), 36 TD (*)	15-27 yo	Brain volume
Barnea-Goraly et al, 2003a	10 FX, 10 TD, all female	11-23 yo	DTI
Haas et al, 2009	17 FX, 13 TD, 8 DD, all male	1 5-4 yo	DTI
Villalon et al, 2013#	18 FX, 25 22q, 17 TS, 41 TD, all female	7-14 yo	DTI
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome
Simon et al, 2005	18 22q (11 F), 18 TD (7 F)	7-14 yo	Brain volume
Campbell et al, 2006	39 22q (19 F), 26 siblings (10 F)	22q mean=11, TD mean=11	Brain volume
Bearden et al, 2007	21 22q (11 F), 13 TD (6 F)	8-17 yo	Cortical thickness
Bearden et al, 2009	21 22q (11 F), 13 TD (6 F)	8-17 yo	Cortical thickness
Schaer et al, 2009‡	59 22q (35 F), 80 TD (44 F)	6-40 yo baseline	Cortical thickness
Shashi et al, 2010	22 22q (7 F), 16 TD (6 F)	8-17 yo	Brain volume
Gothelf et al, 2011	19 22q (8 F), 18 TD (8 F)	22q mean=13, TD mean=13.4 baseline	Brain volume
Srivastava et al, 2012	49 22q, 37 TD*	6-15 yo	CorticaI gyrification
Barnea-Goraly et al, 2003b	19 22q (6 F), 19 TD (8 F)	7-22 yo	DTI
Villalon et al, 2013#	18 FX, 25 22q, 17 TS, 41 TD, all female	7-14 yo	DTI
Debbane et al, 2012	27 22q (15 F), 33 TD (14 F)	12-19 yo	ICA func. conn.
Williams syndrome
Thompson et al, 2005	42 WS (23 F), 40 TD (24 F)	12-50 yo	Cortical thickness
Eckert et al, 2006	42 WS (23 F), 40 TD (24 F)	12-50 yo	Cortical morphology
Gaser et al, 2006	42 WS (23 F), 40 TD (24 F)	12-50 yo	Cortical morphology
Boddaert et al, 2006	9 WS (2 F), 11 TD (5 F)	5-15 yo	Brain volume
Tosun et al, 2006	39 WS (22 F), 39 TD (23 F)	WS mean=29.9, TD mean=27.1	Cortical morphology
Chiang et al, 2007	41 WS (23 F), 33 TD (23 F)	12-50 yo	Brain volume
Luders et al, 2007	12 WS (5 F), 12 TO (5 F)	13-30 yo	CallosaI thickness
Meda et al, 2012	31 WS (11 F), 50 TD (23 F)	WS mean=26.3, TD mean=28.0	Brain volume, cortical thickness
Hoeft et al, 2007	10 WS (4 F), 10 DD (7 F), 10 TD (3 F)	WS mean=26.8, TD mean=27.8	DTI
Arlinghaus et al, 2011‡	16 WS (6 F), 16 TD (8 F)	16-33 yo	DTI
Jabbi et al, 2012	14 WS (7 F), 23 TD (10 F)	WS mean=27.8, TD mean=32.1	Brain volume, DTI
Haas et al, 2012	20 WS (9 F), 10 DD (7 F), 10 TD (2 F)	WS mean=23.7,TD mean=27.8	DTI
Haas et al, 2012	39 WS (24 F), 40 TD (23 F)	WS mean=26.1, TD mean=21.3	Brain volume
Down syndrome
Pinter et al, 2001	16 DS (5 F), 15 TD (*)	DS mean=11.3, TD mean=11.9	Brain volume
Smigielska-Kuzia et al, 2011	23 DS (9 F), 26 TD (11 F)	3-15 yo	Brain volume
Turner syndrome
Murphy et al, 1993	18 TS, 19 TD, a 11 female	TS mean=30, TD mean=27	Brain volume
Reiss et al,1995	30 TS, 30 TD, all female	6-17 yo	Brain volume
Brown et al, 2002	26 TS, 26 TD, all female	TS mean=13.2, TD mean=13.4	Brain volume
Kester et al, 2004	30 TS, 23 TD, all female	6-33 yo	Brain volume
Molko et al, 2004	14 TS, 14TS, all female	18-36 yo	DTI
Holzapfel et al, 2006	10 TS, 10 TD, all female	7-24 yo	Brain volume, DTI
Yamagata et al, 2012‡	26 TS, 20 TD, all female	3-12 yo	Brain volume, DTI
Villalon et al, 2013#	18 FX, 25 22q, 17 TS, 41 TD, all female	7-14 yo	DTI
Bray et al, 2011	37 TS,18 TD, all female	7-13 yo	Seed-based func. conn.
Bray et al, 2012	15 TS,14 TD, all female	7-14 yo	Seed-based func. conn.