Monooxygenase activities of engineered E. coli cells toward phenol. Whole cells of E. coli carrying pRSFDmimAC, pETDmimBD, and pCDFDuet-1 (mimAC + mimBD), pRSFDmimAC, pETDmimBD, and pCDFDmimG (mimAC + mimBD + mimG), pRSFDmimAC, pETDmimBDop, and pCDFDmimG (mimAC + mimBDop + mimG), or pRSFDmimAC, pETDmimB5′opDop, and pCDFDmimG (mimAC + mimB5′opDop + mimG) were reacted with phenol for 6 h, and the monooxygenation product hydroquinone was quantified using HPLC. Bars represent the means of three independent experiments, and error bars represent standard deviations of the means.