Known translocation signals in T4SS substrates. The T4SS is indicated on the left. Substrate features determined as relevant for secretion are indicated as follows. Gray boxes, C-terminal TSs, including a positively charged secretion motif (R-X7-R-X-R-X-R-X-Xn) (4, 29, 30); vertically hatched boxes, BID domains (13); horizontally hatched boxes, N-terminal and C-terminal regions of H. pylori CagA (12); diagonally hatched boxes, TS-containing regions in relaxases, as determined by CRAfT assays (9, 10); black boxes, consensus TraI/F sequences (G[E/D]R[L/M]R[V/F]T) (10).