Table 1.
Cytokine induction in modern and ancient Beijing strains and Euro-American reactivation strainsa
| Cytokine | Length of stimulation | Predicted mean (95% CI) (pg/ml) |
% Difference for modern Beijing vs ancient Beijing strains | P value | % Difference for modern Beijing vs Euro-American reactivation strains | P value | % Difference for ancient Beijing vs Euro-American reactivation strains | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modern Beijing strains | Ancient Beijing strains | Euro-American reactivation strains | ||||||||
| IFN-γ | 48 h | 48 (40–57) | 80 (67–95) | 90 (76–107) | −40 | 0.0288 | −47 | <0.0001 | −12 | 1 |
| TNF-α | 24 h | 300 (252–357) | 365 (272–490) | 623 (535–725) | −18 | 1 | −52 | <0.0001 | −41 | 0.3136 |
| IL-1β | 24 h | 3,115 (2,954–3,285) | 5,184 (4,823–5,572) | 4,250 (4,082–4,424) | −40 | <0.0001 | −27 | <0.0001 | +22 | 0.0036 |
| IL-1Ra | 24 h | 5,094 (4,971–5,220) | 4,501 (4,329–4,681) | 4,531 (4,333–4,738) | +13 | 0.0001 | +12 | 0.0010 | −1 | 1 |
| TGF-β | 24 h | 2,175 (2,067–2,289) | 2,264 (2,080–2,465) | 2,219 (2,062–2,388) | −4 | 1 | −2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| IL-10 | 48 h | 193 (180–207) | 181 (166–198) | 201 (181–224) | +6 | 1 | −4 | 1 | −10 | 1 |
| IL-6 | 24 h | 6,590 (5,962–7,284) | 5,610 (4,641–6,782) | 5,283 (4,373–6,383) | +17 | 1 | +25 | 0.7859 | +6 | 1 |
| IL-17 | 7 days | 160 (137–186) | 106 (83–136) | 103 (88–122) | +51 | 0.7123 | +54 | <0.0001 | +2 | 1 |
| IL-22 | 7 days | 662 (618–711) | 1,061 (914–1,231) | 963 (860–1,079) | −38 | 0.0002 | −31 | <0.0001 | +10 | 1 |
a
Data were calculated by multivariate regression on ln-transformed data. The outcomes were transformed back from ln-transformed data to show predicted means in pg/ml. The Bonferroni correction was applied to the P values to account for the multiple comparisons made. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.