Table 6.
Bivariate analysis of predictors of receiving inadequate antenatal care reported among 1214 women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Initiated ANC late | Sought ANC <4 times | Initiated ANC late or sought ANC <4 times | |
| Each 5 year increase in age | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) |
| Multipara versus primipara | 1.54 (1.07, 2.21) | 1.20 (0.82, 1.74) | 1.47 (0.95, 2.29) |
| Each 5 year increase in education | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.73) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) |
| Employed versus unemployed | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.53) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) |
| Religion (REF= Evangelist/Revival/Brahmanist) | |||
| Catholic | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.60, 1.77) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) |
| Protestant | 0.90 (0.44, 1.86) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.50, 1.53) |
| Other | 1.08 (0.63, 1.87) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.68) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.66) |
| Ethnicity (REF = Bakongo) | |||
| Baluba | 0.98 (0.60, 1.60) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.37) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.36) |
| Bangala | 1.03 (0.49, 2.16) | 0.79 (0.29, 2.17) | 0.85 (0.38, 1.88) |
| Baswahili | 0.64 (0.32, 1.27) | 0.75 (0.40, 1.41) | 0.51 (0.23, 1.10) |
| Other | 0.80 (0.45, 1.40) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.31) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.23) |
| Current partner versus no current partner | 1.03 (0.64, 1.64) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.26) |
| Each 5 year increase in partner age | 1.08 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) |
| Each 5 year increase in partner education | 0.67 (0.56, 0.81) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.67) | 0.58 (0.51, 0.67) |
| Partner employed versus unemployed | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.19) |
| Household assets (REF=without asset) | |||
| Electricity | 0.58 (0.36, 0.94) | 0.33 (0.22, 0.51) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.87) |
| Radio | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.58 (0.45, 0.74) | 0.74 (0.54, 0.99) |
| Television | 0.63 (0.52, 0.77) | 0.43 (0.32, 0.56) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.70) |
| Telephone | 0.59 (0.45, 0.76) | 0.45 (0.31, 0.65) | 0.61 (0.52, 0.72) |
| Refrigerator | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 0.62 (0.38, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.15) |
| Car or truck | 0.72 (0.43, 1.21) | 0.52 (0.19, 1.39) | 0.74 (0.40, 1.37) |
| Sought ANC at closest facility to home versus not | 1.14 (0.78, 1.69) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.50) | 1.26 (0.90, 1.78) |
| Decided participant should seek ANC (REF=participant) | |||
| Partner/husband | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 0.94 (0.64, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) |
| Mother or mother-in-law | 0.98 (0.45, 2.12) | 1.20 (0.52, 2.74) | 0.85 (0.45, 1.60) |
| Self and husband/partner or other family member | 0.71 (0.31, 1.61) | 0.89 (0.40, 1.97) | 0.79 (0.39, 1.57) |
| Other | 0.72 (0.23, 2.29) | 0.50 (0.18, 1.44) | 0.56 (0.19, 1.65) |
| Person who pays for participants health expenses (REF=participant) | |||
| Partner/husband | 1.25 (0.66, 2.34) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) |
| Other family member | 1.38 (0.39, 4.93) | 0.77 (0.29, 2.04) | 0.76 (0.28, 2.07) |
| Self and husband/partner or other family member | 0.99 (0.36, 2.73) | 0.97 (0.39, 2.39) | 0.77 (0.30, 1.97) |
| Other | 0.90 (0.45, 1.80) | 0.43 (0.16, 1.17) | 0.43 (0.23, 0.80) |
| Someone talked to participant about HIV/AIDS in ANC versus not | 0.62 (0.45, 0.85) | 0.53 (0.44, 0.65) | 0.66 (0.50, 0.87) |