Table 3.
Latent Growth Curve models estimates of global cognitive score changes among U.S. community-dwelling Adults (65-years or older) from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2010).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | |
|
|
||||||
| Estimated Initial Status | 22.64***(0.068) | 24.51***(0.099) | 24.44***(0.134) | 25.01***(0.15) | 24.14***(0.141) | 25.04***(0.2) |
| Predictors of Initial Status | ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Centered at 65-years | −0.20***(0.008) | −0.19***(0.008) | −0.19***(0.008) | −0.17***(0.008) | −0.18***(0.007) | |
| Ethnicity/Race | ||||||
| White (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Black | −3.50***(0.184) | −3.16***(0.167) | −3.14***(0.168) | −2.09***(0.157) | −2.07***(0.157) | |
| Latino | −2.98***(0.309) | −2.75***(0.312) | −2.69***(0.31) | −0.59***(0.195) | −0.57***(0.195) | |
| Other | −1.63***(0.537) | −1.54***(0.475) | −1.53***(0.473) | −0.96***(0.37) | −0.93**(0.376) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Female | 0.56***(0.093) | 0.62***(0.09) | 0.64***(0.089) | 0.96***(0.089) | 0.96***(0.086) | |
| Adult Indicators | ||||||
| Income | ||||||
| Ln 1998 Dollars | 0.25***(0.062) | 0.22***(0.063) | ||||
| Wealth | ||||||
| Ln 1998 Dollars | 0.21***(0.021) | 0.19***(0.022) | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Years of schooling | 0.39***(0.017) | 0.37***(0.017) | ||||
| Number of chronic conditions | ||||||
| Number | 0.03(0.034) | |||||
| Adult Health | ||||||
| Self-reported Health Status | −0.37***(0.047) | |||||
| Childhood Indicators | ||||||
| Childhood SES | ||||||
| Average | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| Pretty Well Off | 0.56***(0.202) | 0.56***(0.204) | −0.01(0.204) | −0.06(0.201) | ||
| Poor | −0.30***(0.095) | −0.24**(0.093) | 0.14(0.079) | 0.19**(0.075) | ||
| Mother Education | ||||||
| Missing | −0.86***(0.17) | −0.83***(0.172) | −0.41***(0.156) | −0.39***(0.149) | ||
| Less than HS | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| HS or more | 0.29**(0.143) | 0.28(0.142) | −0.08(0.138) | −0.09(0.139) | ||
| Father Education | ||||||
| Missing | −0.50***(0.151) | −0.50***(0.151) | −0.14(0.122) | −0.12(0.119) | ||
| Less than HS | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| HS or more | 0.71***(0.152) | 0.67***(0.149) | 0.22(0.128) | 0.19(0.125) | ||
| Childhood Health | ||||||
| Self-reported Health Status | −0.33***(0.041) | −0.17***(0.038) | −0.09**(0.038) | |||
| Number of Waves with Scores | ||||||
| Number | 0.36***(0.028) | 0.34***(0.027) | 0.34***(0.026) | 0.26***(0.023) | 0.22***(0.026) | |
| Estimated Rate of Change | −0.84***(0.018) | −0.68***(0.03) | −0.71***(0.037) | −0.7***(0.042) | −0.72***(0.046) | −0.72***(0.064) |
| Predictors of Rate of Change | ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| In Years Centered at 65 | −0.04***(0.002) | −0.04***(0.003) | −0.03***(0.003) | −0.03***(0.003) | −0.03***(0.003) | |
| Ethnicity/Race | ||||||
| White (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Black | −0.15***(0.033) | −0.15***(0.033) | −0.15***(0.033) | −0.14***(0.037) | −0.14***(0.038) | |
| Latino | −0.03(0.049) | −0.03(0.049) | −0.03(0.05) | 0(0.06) | 0(0.061) | |
| Other | −0.01(0.121) | 0(0.118) | 0(0.118) | −0.02(0.115) | −0.02(0.113) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Female | −0.15***(0.026) | −0.15***(0.026) | −0.15***(0.027) | −0.14***(0.026) | −0.15***(0.026) | |
| Adult Indicators | ||||||
| Income | ||||||
| Ln 1998 Dollars | 0.02(0.022) | 0.02(0.022) | ||||
| Wealth | ||||||
| Ln 1998 Dollars | −0.01(0.007) | −0.01(0.007) | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Years of schooling | 0.01(0.004) | 0.01(0.004) | ||||
| Number of chronic conditions | ||||||
| Number | 0(0.009) | |||||
| Adult Health Status | ||||||
| Self-reported Health Status | 0(0.016) | |||||
| Childhood Indicators | ||||||
| Childhood SES | ||||||
| Average | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| Pretty Well Off | 0.01(0.058) | 0.01(0.057) | 0.01(0.056) | 0.01(0.056) | ||
| Poor | 0.01(0.033) | 0.01(0.033) | 0.02(0.033) | 0.02(0.033) | ||
| Mother Education | ||||||
| Missing | −0.02(0.046) | −0.02(0.047) | −0.01(0.045) | −0.01(0.045) | ||
| Less than HS | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| HS or more | 0.07(0.037) | 0.07(0.037) | 0.06(0.038) | 0.06(0.038) | ||
| Father Education | ||||||
| Missing | 0.06(0.045) | 0.06(0.045) | 0.07(0.044) | 0.07(0.044) | ||
| Less than HS | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| HS or more | −0.04(0.05) | −0.04(0.05) | −0.05(0.05) | −0.05(0.05) | ||
| Childhood Health | ||||||
| Self-reported Health Status | −0.01(0.012) | −0.01(0.012) | −0.01(0.013) | |||
| Number of Waves with Scores | ||||||
| Number | 0.14***(0.013) | 0.14***(0.013) | 0.14***(0.013) | 0.14***(0.012) | 0.14***(0.013) | |
| Random Coefficients | ||||||
| Variance/Residual Variance | ||||||
| Intercept | 13.69***(0.393) | 9.89***(0.303) | 9.53***(0.28) | 9.43***(0.274) | 7.72***(0.242) | 7.58***(0.236) |
| Slope | 0.45***(0.025) | 0.36***(0.024) | 0.36***(0.024) | 0.36***(0.024) | 0.36***(0.024) | 0.36***(0.024) |
| Fit Indices | ||||||
| AIC | 227571 | 213792 | 210359 | 207413 | 194885 | 188813 |
| BIC | 227656 | 213962 | 210614 | 207682 | 195196 | 189152 |
| Sample-Size Adjusted BIC | 227618 | 213886 | 210500 | 207562 | 195056 | 189000 |
| RMSEA | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| CFI | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| TLI | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| SRMR | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Note 1: Model 1 is an unconditional growth model; Model 2 accounts for respondents demographic characteristics and number of waves of participation; Model 3 accounts for demographic characteristics and childhood socioeconomic indicators; Model 4 accounts for demographic characteristics and childhood socioeconomic and health indicators; Model 5 accounts for demographic characteristics, childhood socioeconomic and health indicators, and adult socioeconomic achievement. Model 6 is a comprehensive model that additionally accounts for adult health indicators.
Note 2: AIC=Akaike Information Criteria; BIC= Bayesian Information Criteria; RMSEA=Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CFI=Comparative Fit Index; TLI=Tucker Lewis Index; SRMR= Standardized Root Mean Square Residual.
***
P<0.01
**
P<0.05