Table 1. Comparison of fracture risk factors for cases (HIV) and controls (Twins).
| Males |
Females |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | p-value | Cases | Controls | p-value | |
| N | 133 | 44 | - | 89 | 178 | - |
| Age mean (SD) | 46.2 (9.4) | 46.9 (11.1) | 0.69 | 44.6 (9.0) | 45.2 (8.7) | 0.63 |
| BMI mean (SD) | 24.3 (3.4) | 26.9 (3.6) | <0.001 | 27.9 (5.8) | 25.1 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Parent Fractured Hip (Yes/No) | 11/119 (8.5%) | 1/43 (2.3%) | 0.30 | 2/87 (2.2 %) | 8/170 (10.3 %) | 0.50 |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 47/86 (35.3%) | 10/34 (22.7%) | 0.12 | 11/78 (12.4%) | 35/143 (19.7%) | 0.14 |
| Alcohol (≥ 3 units/day) (yes/no) | 24/109 (18.0%) | 0/44 (0%) | 0.001 | 1/88 (1.1%) | 2/176 (1.1%) | 1.000 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) mean (SD) | 47.8 (27.3) | 1 | - | 37.9 (25.8) | 59.8 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) IQR | 28-61 | 1 | - | 21-46 | - | - |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) median | 43 | 1 | - | 32 | - | - |
| Corrected Calcium mmol/L-mean (SD) | 2.23 (0.08) | 2.27 (0 .07) | 0.01 | 2.22 (0.10) | 2.33 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) mean (SD) | 21.4 (21.5) | 2 | - | 0.72 (1.57) | 1.12 (0.35) | 0.02 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) IQR | 14-21.4 | 2 | - | 0.4-0.7 | - | - |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) median | 19.5 | 2 | - | 0.4 | - | - |
| PTH (ng/L) mean (SD) | 41.5 (22.1) | 2 | - | 69.7 (103.1) | 38.7 (16.5) | |
| PTH (ng/L) IQR | 28-49 | 2 | - | 41-64.5 | - | - |
| PTH (ng/L) median | 37 | 2 | - | 49.5 | - | - |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) mean (SD) | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.01 (0.14) | 0.35 | 1.05 (0.19) | 1.09 0.14 | 0.04 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) mean (SD) | 89 (34.0) | 74 (20) | <0.001 | 95.7 (52.2) | 69.8 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) IQR | - | - | - | 64-110 | - | - |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) median | - | - | - | 69 | - | - |
| SHBG (nmol/L) mean (SD) | 56 (27) | - | - | 92.2 (45.9) | 47.3 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| SHBG (nmol/L) IQR | - | - | - | 58-113 | - | - |
| SHBG (nmol/L) median | - | - | - | 83 | - | - |
| Osteoporosis(Normal/ Osteopenia/ Osteoporosis) | 48/66/19 | 21/17/6 | 0.38 | 32/37/20 | 129/47/2 | <0.001 |
| Spine Hologic BMD mean (SD) | 0.99 (0.13) | 0.97 (0.16) | 0.46 | 1.00 (0.16) | 1.041 (0.12) | 0.03 |
| Hip Hologic BMD mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.13) | 1.03 (0.15) | 0.002 | 0.97 (0.14) | 0.96 (0.13) | 0.90 |
| Femoral Neck BMD mean (SD) | 0.82 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.15) | 0.84 (0.13) | 0.80 |
| Fracture Fragility (Yes/No) | 6/127 (4.5%) | 0/44 (0%) | 0.34 | 0/89 (0%) | 5/173 (2.8%) | 0.17 |
| Fracture Others (Yes/No) | 32/101 (24.1%) | 3/41 (6.8%) | 0.02 | 9/80 (10.1%) | 8/170 (4.5%) | 0.11 |
| Total fractures (Yes/No) | 36/97 (27.1%) | 3/41 (6.82%) | 0.01 | 9/80 (10.11%) | 13/165 (7.30%) | 0.48 |
1 Vitamin D data only available for 1 male twin
2 Testosterone and PTH only measured for 2 male controls
PTH: parathyroid hormone
SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin
SD =standard deviation
BMD: bone mineral density
All BMD recorded as g/cm2