TABLE 3.

Descriptive statistics of the sample

Clinical data		Entire sample, n=228 (100%)	Headaches, n=118 (52%)	Chronic pain, n=100 (48%)
Specific diagnosis		Migraine, 33%; chronic tension-type headache, 19%; fibromyalgia, 16%; chronic low back pain, 7%; neck pain, 4%; arthritis, 3%; arthrosis, 3%; other, 15%	Migraine, 63%; chronic tension-type headache, 37%	Fibromyalgia, 34%; chronic low back pain, 16%; neck pain, 9%; arthritis, 8%; arthrosis, 6%; postsurgical pain, 5%; ankylosing spondylitis, 4%; atypical facial pain, 3%; carpal tunnel syndrome, 3%; herniated disc, 3%; tendinitis, 2%; chest pain, 2%; other, 5%
Chronicity, years		12±10	14±11	9±8
Clinical outcome variables
Pain intensity, 0–10		6.7±1.9	6.7±2	6.8±1.7
Pain frequency, days/month		19±12	11.5±11	27.6±6.1
Pain duration, h		24±16	27.7±18.6	18.9±9.8
Pain interference, %
Mild		8	9	5
Moderate		65	67	64
Severe		27	24	31
Daily medication		1.26±0.73	1.34±0.66	1.18±0.8
Psychological outcome variables	Range
Negative automatic thoughts (INTRP)	0–84	21.83±16.4	18.8±15.5	25.1±16.7
Perceived self-efficacy (HSES)	1–5	2.38±0.93	2.4±0.85	2.36±1
Adaptive coping (CSQ)	0–180	65.4±31.2	62.24±29.9	68.9±32.4
Maladaptive coping (CSQ)	0–54	20.6±13.6	20.21±14	21±13.1
Pain behaviors (PBQ)	0–64	28.85±13.1	29.84±13.37	27.8±12.9
Clustering variables
Internal locus of control (HSLC)	0–44	36.9±8.5	37.1±7.8	36.8±9.3
Chance locus of control (HSLC)	0–44	34.5±7.9	33.7±7.95	35.4±7.8
Health care professionals locus of control (HSLC)	0–36	30.3±6.6	29.7±6.3	30.9±6.9

Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. CSQ Coping Strategies Questionnaire; INTRP Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain; HSES Headache Self-Efficacy Scale; HSLC Headache Specific-Locus of Control; PBQ Pain Behaviour Questionnaire