TABLE 4.

Clinical and psychological correlates of locus of control (LOC) patterns controlling age, per capita income and academic level (ANCOVA)

Variable	Range	F	P	Partial η2	Bic-LOC (n=70)	YS-LOC (n=42)	PC-LOC (n=40)	PI-LOC (n=25)	PP-LOC (n=25)	NS-LOC (n=21)
Clinical
Pain intensity	0–10	1.88	0.09	0.05	6.32±0.23	7.36±0.31	7.09±0.30	6.24±0.40	6.87±0.38	6.86±0.41
Pain frequency	Days/month	3.18	<0.01	0.07	18.03±1.38	21.19±1.85	24.49±1.83	14.07±2.44	19.16±2.32	15.25±2.5
Pain duration	h	0.79	0.56	0.02	22.30±1.87	22.07±2.57	23.14±2.49	24±3.32	24.14±3.15	29.51±3.39
Pain interference	1–3	2.15	0.06	0.05	2.06±0.07	2.39±0.09	2.31±0.09	2.07±0.12	2.26±0.11	2.19±0.12
Medication	Daily	1.74	0.13	0.02	1.37±0.09	1.40±0.12	1.08±0.11	1.19±0.15	1.06±0.14	1.13±0.16
Psychological
Negative automatic thoughts (INTRP)	0–84	11.89	<0.001	0.22	16.05±1.72	36.21±2.35	26.88±2.31	14.66±3.05	18.95±2.89	15.33±3.11
Perceived self-efficacy (HSES)	1–5	5.34	<0.001	0.12	2.43±0.11	2.04±0.14	2.1±0.14	2.87±0.19	3±0.2	2.28±0.2
Adaptive coping (CSQ)	0–180	2.2	0.06	0.05	69.15±3.8	61±5.09	57.14±4.98	81.24±6.73	65±6.41	55.55±6.79
Maladaptive coping (CSQ)	0–54	9.52	<0.001	0.18	18.24±1.46	30.67±1.96	23.49±1.96	8.96±2.58	19.33±2.44	17.4±2.63
Pain behaviours (PBQ)	0–64	6.86	<0.001	0.14	27.85±1.47	38.59±1.98	27.39±1.96	20.46±2.61	26.62±2.52	26.84±2.67

Data presented as mean ± SEM unless otherwise indicated. All pairwise comparisons are explained in the text. BiC LOC Believer in control pattern; CSQ Coping Strategies Questionnaire; HSES Headache Self-Efficacy Scale; INTRP Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain; NS-LOC Nay-sayer locus of control pattern; PBQ Pain Behaviour Questionnaire; PC-LOC Pure chance locus of control pattern; PI-LOC Pure internal locus of control pattern; PP-LOC Pure professional locus of control pattern; YS-LOC Yea-sayer locus of control pattern