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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013 Mar 15;29:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.003. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.03.003

Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5

Finite element analysis of articular cartilage cut from its underlying subchondral bone. Proteoglycan content, and its associated fixed charge density, are significantly lower in the superficial zone, (a) Reference configuration when the osmotic pressure p is zero, (b) In situ configuration showing inhomoge-neous osmotic pressure distribution when the NaCl concentration in the external environment is physiological (c* = 150 mM). (c) Cartilage cut from bone, showing upward curling consistent with experimental observations (Setton et al., 1998). Simulation performed on FEBio (www.febio.org) (Maas et al., 2012).