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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jul 29;37(11):10.1111/acer.12174. doi: 10.1111/acer.12174

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

Proposed Model for EtOH and PA regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling. EtOH stimulates PLD activity and PA content and this process is mediated via multiple signaling cascades. EtOH increases AMPK phosphorylation and activity. This results in upregulation of TSC2 phosphorylation at the S1387 site (open circle), but it has no effect on the T1462 residue (closed circle). Activation of TSC2 at S1387 leads to a decreased Rheb /mTOR interaction and decreased mTORC1 activity towards S6K1. Decreased S6K1 phosphorylation enhanced mTORC2 activity and increased Akt (S473) phosphorylation. PLD and PA regulate the same pathway, albeit in an opposite manner. EtOH and PA affect both mTOR complexes via a PI3K/AMPK/TSC2/PLD signaling cascade.