Table 1.
Published studies regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
| Authors and year | Population | Instrument/Measure | Summary |
| Wabrek et al., 1980 (11) | Male | IIEF (35) | Six weeks after their first MI, 64% of patients presented with ED, 28% presented with decreased sexual frequency, and 8% presented with premature ejaculation. |
| Jaarsma et al., 1996 (12) | Male and Female | SAS and PAIS (36) | Heart failure resulted in significant changes in sexual desire and the frequency of sexual activity. |
| Greenstein et al., 1997 (13) | Male | Questionnaire by O'Leary (37) | The severity of CAD decreased the frequency of erections. |
| Abramov LA et al., 1997 (14) | Female | Student's t-test and X2 contingency (38) | High prevalence of reduced desire and sexual dissatisfaction among 50 patients (65%) after MI compared with 20 (24%) controls. |
| Drory et al., 1998 (15) | Male | QSF (39) | After MI, patients showed changes in sexual frequency (32%) associated with age and education. For 23%, sexual dissatisfaction was correlated with age. |
| Hultgren et al., 1999 (16) | Female | FSFI (40) | Patients with AIOD experienced negative effects on sexual arousal, orgasm and vulvar sensitivity. |
| Drory et al., 2000 (17) | Male and Female | QSF (39) | The frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity were similarly reduced for both sexes. |
| Burchardt et al., 2001 (18) | Male | IIEF (35) and CESD (41) | ED was considered as a marker of cardiovascular complications (p<0.05) in 70 patients (70.6%) with hypertension. In total, 22 (30.6%) patients with ED showed signs of depression. |
| Montorsi et al., 2003 (19) | Male | IIEF (35) | ED occurred 38.8 months before the advent of CAD in 99 patients (67%) men. ED was evident before heart disease in 70% of all cases. |
| Vacanti et al., 2005 (20) | Male | IIEF (35) and HADS (42) | After MI, patients showed an incidence of 40.5% of ED and depressive symptoms. |
| Addis et al., 2005 (21) | Female | Logistic regression | A total of 1,091 patients had SD, of whom 140 (13%) complained of one sexual problem, and 570 (52%) complained of two or more. |
| Shi et al., 2006 (22) | Male | IIEF (35) | Patients with CAD in the acute (p>0.05) and chronic (p<0.05) phases. |
| Kazemi-Saleh et al., 2007 (23) | Male | HADS (42) and RSS (43) | Twenty-nine patients (33.3%) showed sexual fear, depressive symptoms and a decreased frequency of sexual activity. |
| Eyada et al., 2007 (24) | Female | ASEX (44) | Pectoral angina had a negative effect on the frequency and sexual satisfaction of patients. |
| Kaya et al., 2007 (25) | Female | FSFI (40) | All FSFI domain scores, except satisfaction, were lower in patients with CAD compared with healthy individuals (p<0.05). |
| Lunelli et al., 2008 (26) | Male and Female | Mann-Whitney tests (26) | In total, 60% of patients had doubts about their return to sexual activity, and 44% had reduced their sexual frequency. |
| Cook et al., 2008 (27) | Male | t-tests with Bonferroni correction (45) | Patients using BBs reported three times more ED (p = 0.045). |
| Kazemi et al., 2008 (28) | Male and Female | RSS (46) and HADS (42) | Male and female patients with CAD and symptoms of depression had sex less frequently. Male depression was correlated with the couple's fear of sexual intercourse. |
| Schwarz et al., 2008 (29) | Male and Female | IIEF (35) and FSFI (40) | Male and female patients showed a high prevalence of SD. |
| Hoffman et al., 2010 (30) | Male | ASEX (44) | ED was associated with greater CVD risk and impaired vascular endothelial function in depressed men. |
| Lemogne et al., 2010 (31) | Male | IIEF-5 (47), BDI-13 (48),STAI (49) and DS-14 (50) | The prevalence of ED (57.6%) was negatively associated with age and depressed mood. |
| Kriston et al., 2010 (32) | Male and Female | IIEF (35), FSFI (40) and HADS (42) | ED was found in 20.3% of men, and SD was found in 43.1% of women. Symptoms of moderate depression were found in 16.5% and 14.4% of men and women, respectively. |
| Foruzan-Nia et al., 2011 (33) | Male | IIEF (35) | SD was prevalent one year after MI. |
| Lindau et al., 2012 (34) | Male and Female | PHQ-9 (51) and F-12 PCS (52) | A lack of sexual desire contributed to a decrease in sexual frequency among 59% of women and 48% of men. |
IIEF = International Index of Erectile Function; SAS = Adjustment Sexual Scale; PAIS = Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale; QSF = Sexual Function Questionnaire; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; RSS = Relationship and Sexuality Scale; ASEX = Arizona Sexual Experience Scale; FSFI = Female Sexual Function Index; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; DS-14 = Type-D Personality Scale-14; PHQ-9 = 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire; and SF-12 PCS = 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Physical Composite Score.