Figure 3. Multi-phenotypic defects observed in Δcdc14 versus two control strains.

(A) Colony sizes after 6-day growth on minimal CZA (3% sucrose as mere carbon and 0.3% NaNO₃ as mere nitrogen) and CZA-derived media [altered carbon: glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal), glycerol (Gly), acetate (Ace) or carbon starvation (CS); altered nitrogen: NaNO₂, NH₄Cl or nitrogen starvation (NS)]. (B −D) Effective concentrations (EC₅₀s) of stressful chemicals required for the suppression of 50% colony growth after 6-day incubation at 25°C on the plates of 1/4 SDAY supplemented with the gradients of H₂O₂, menadione (MND), NaCl, carbendazim (CBD), Congo red (CR) and SDS respectively. (E) Residue viability of conidia after 24 h incubation at 25°C on germination medium supplemented with NaCl (1.2 M), MND (0.2 mM), H₂O₂ (4 mM), CR (0.5 mg/ml) or SDS (0.04%). (F) Median lethal time (LT₅₀) for conidial tolerance to wet-heat stress at 45°C and median lethal dose (LD₅₀) for conidial UV-B resistance. (G) LT₅₀ (no. days) for conidial virulence to S. litura second-instar larvae under a uniform spray. The asterisked bar in each group differs significantly from those unmarked (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: SD from three repeated assays.