Table 2.
Effector | Secretion system | Mechanism of pathogenesis | References |
---|---|---|---|
AexT | T3SS | Amino terminal activity targets RhoA and promotes actin depolymerization; carboxy terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. | Braun et al., 2002 |
AexU | T3SS | Bifunctional-like AexT; activation of caspase-3 and -9 and induction of cell rounding, chromatin condensation; also required for virulence in mice. | Sierra et al., 2007 |
GAP-activity (amino terminus) promotes apoptosis and disrupts the cell cytoskeleton as well as NF-κB signaling; prevents signaling of c-Jun, JNK, IκBα, and inhibits IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. | Sierra et al., 2010 | ||
GAP-activity disruption of actin cytoskeleton mediated by down-regulating Rac-1; binding to β4-integrin results in cytotoxicity. | Abolghait et al., 2011 | ||
Act 2 | T2SS | Induced upregulation of apoptosis-related genes. | Galindo et al., 2003 |
Activates MEK1, JNK, ERK1/2, and c-Jun of the MAPK pathway; induces membrane blebbing and increased production of mitochondrial cytochrome C, caspase-3, -8, and -9. | Galindo et al., 2004b | ||
Hcp | T6SS | Caspase 3 activation. | Suarez et al., 2008 |
Demonstrates anti-phagocytic properties. | Suarez et al., 2010 | ||
Hcp-2 is part of the T6SS apparatus while Hcp-1 negatively regulates motility and protease production. | Sha et al., 2013 |
RhoA, Rat sarcoma homolog gene family member A; GAP, GTPase activating protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor Kappa B; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IL, interleukin; Rac-1, Rac GTPase activating protein 1; MEK1, MAP/ERK kinase 1; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases.