Table 2.

Bivariate associations with joint screening status

Variable	Rarely or Never Screened	Recently Screened	OR (95% CI) or test statistic
	n or M (SD)	n or M (SD)
Demographic characteristics
Age (in years)	56.0 (8.6)	56.2 (8.2)	0.24a
Marital Status
Partnered	55	68	0.74 (0.44–1.27)
Not partnered (ref)	51	47	1.00
Education
Less than high school	28	24	1.60 (0.71–3.57)
High school diploma/GED	58	63	1.26 (0.63–2.51)
More than high school diploma (ref)	19	26	1.00
Current financial status
Sometimes struggle	63	57	0.97 (0.33–2.84)
Just about enough	34	51	0.58 (0.19–1.76)
More than needed (ref)	8	7	1.00
Employed
Not working	61	59	1.23 (0.68–2.24)
Part time	14	19	0.88 (0.38–2.04)
Full time (ref)	31	37	1.00
Health Insurance
No	34	34	1.12 (0.63–1.99)
Yes (ref)	72	81	1.00
MD Pap recommendation in past year
Yes	18	42	0.35 (0.18–0.66)**
No (ref)	87	71	1.00
MD mammogram recommendation in past year
Yes	20	48	0.33 (0.18–0.61)**
No (ref)	83	66	1.00
Barriers to cervical cancer screening
Financial situation makes it hard
Yes	63	51	1.81 (1.06–3.09)*
No (ref)	43	63	1.00
Cervical cancer is a low priority
Yes	19	11	2.04 (0.92–4.53)†
No (ref)	87	103	1.00
Screening is not needed without symptoms
Yes	39	25	2.07 (1.14–3.75)*
No (ref)	67	89	1.00
Too worried about results
Yes	33	14	3.23 (1.61–6.46)**
No (ref)	73	100	1.00
Test is painful/uncomfortable
Yes	34	21	2.09 (1.12–3.91)*
No (ref)	72	93	1.00
Test is embarrassing
Yes	41	18	3.36 (1.78–6.36)**
No (ref)	65	96	1.00
Not having health insurance makes it hard
Yes	55	38	2.16 (1.25–3.72)**
No (ref)	51	76	1.00
Lack of transportation makes it hard
Yes	30	23	1.56 (0.84–2.91)†
No (ref)	76	91	1.00
Job responsibilities make it hard
Yes	16	15	1.16 (0.61–2.21)
No (ref)	90	99	1.00
Lack of a trustworthy doctor
Yes	24	23	1.27 (0.66–2.42)
No (ref)	82	91	1.00
Spouse’s feelings make it hard
Yes	3	4	0.80 (0.17–3.66)
No (ref)	103	110	1.00
Test is time-consuming
Yes	20	19	1.16 (0.58–2.32)
No (ref)	86	95	1.00
Doctor does not recommend screening
Yes	17	8	2.53 (1.04–6.14)*
No (ref)	89	106	1.00
Home responsibilities make it hard
Yes	15	15	1.09 (0.50–2.35)
No (ref)	91	99	1.00
Barriers to breast cancer screening
Financial situation makes it hard
Yes	62	57	1.47 (0.86–2.50)†
No (ref)	43	58	1.00
Breast cancer is a low priority
Yes	18	18	1.11 (0.55–2.28)
No (ref)	87	97	1.00
Screening is not needed without symptoms
Yes	56	27	3.72 (2.09–6.63)**
No (ref)	49	88	1.00
Too worried about results
Yes	37	23	2.21 (1.20–4.06)*
No (ref)	67	92	1.00
Test is painful/uncomfortable
Yes	48	31	2.28 (1.30–4.01)**
No (ref)	57	84	1.00
Test is embarrassing
Yes	41	21	2.84 (1.53–5.25)**
No (ref)	64	93	1.00
Not having health insurance makes it hard
Yes	47	50	1.05 (0.62–1.79)
No (ref)	58	65	1.00
Lack of transportation makes it hard
Yes	34	28	1.49 (0.82–2.68)†
No (ref)	71	87	1.00
Job responsibilities make it hard
Yes	19	21	0.99 (0.50–1.96)
No (ref)	86	94	1.00
Spouse’s feelings make it hard
Yes	5	6	0.91 (0.27–3.07)
No (ref)	100	109	1.00
Test is time-consuming
Yes	23	19	1.43 (0.73–2.82)
No (ref)	81	96	1.00
Doctor does not recommend screening
Yes	16	7	2.77 (1.09–7.04)*
No (ref)	89	108	1.00
Home responsibilities make it hard
Yes	21	16	1.55 (0.76–3.15)†
No (ref)	84	99	1.00

^aTest statistic for Age was Student’s t-test with 219 degrees of freedom.

Notes. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. (ref) = reference group. GED = general equivalency diploma. MD = physician. mo. = months.

^†p < .25,

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01