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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Oct 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Epidemiol. 2008 Oct 1;62(3):10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.06.012. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.06.012

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Tests of measurement invariance in the framework of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. (a) Configure invariance, (b) Metric invariance, (c) Scalar invariance, and (d) Residual invariance. Where, Y, item score; η, domain (or factor) score; λ, factor loading; ζ, intercept of item score; γ, residuals.