Table 4.
Relative risk (RR) ratios and 95% CI for the depression groups based on changes in health behaviorsa. All diet and exercise questions were dichotomized into poor (0–1 day) and good (2–7 days)
| 5 Year outcomes/outcome variables | Prevalence of 5-year outcome | No depression symptoms N = 1988 (72%) | Improved depression symptoms N = 382 (14%) | Worsening depression symptoms N = 214 (8%) | Persistent depression symptoms N = 175 (6%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For those with a healthy diet at baseline (2–7 days, N = 2486): RR ratios of having your diet worsen at 5 years (0–1 day) | |||||
| 3.3% | Reference group | 1.60 (0.88–2.92) | 3.16*** (1.74–5.75) | 3.02*** (1.59–5.77) | |
| Fruits and vegetables of at least 5 servings a day (2-7 days, N = 2157): RR ratios of having your diet worsen (0-1 day) | |||||
| 17.0% | Reference group | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | 1.67*** (1.25–2.22) | 1.12 (0.75– 1.69) | |
| Days of 30+ minutes of physical activity (2-7 days, N = 1987): RR ratios of decreasing activity (0-1 day) | |||||
| 27.4% | Reference group | 1.27* (1.03–1.57) | 1.65* (1.34–2.04) | 1.44** (1.09–1.91) | |
| Days of 30+ minutes of SPECIFIC physical activity (2-7 days, N = 1987): RR ratios of decreasing activity (0-1 day) | |||||
| 36% | Reference group | 1.24* (1.02–1.51) | 1.35** (1.08–1.68) | 1.50** (1.16–1.96) | |
| For those without healthy diet at baseline (0-1 day, N = 231): RR ratios of having your diet stay persistently poor (0-1 day) | |||||
| 18.9% | Reference group | 0.92 (0.45–1.90) | 1.16 (0.47–2.87) | 1.53 (0.69–3.38) | |
| Fruits and vegetables of at least 5 servings a day (0-1 day, N = 566): RR ratios of having your diet remain poor (0-1 day) | |||||
| 42.1% | Reference group | 1.03 (0.77–1.37) | 1.68*** (1.30–2.18) | 1.24 (0.89–1.71) | |
| Days of 30+ minutes of physical activity (0-1 day, N = 742): RR ratios of persistent lack of activity (0-1 day) | |||||
| 60.1% | Reference group | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 1.28** (1.07–1.52) | |
| Days of 30+ minutes of SPECIFIC physical activity (0-1 day, N = 742): RR ratios of persistent lack of activity (0-1 day) | |||||
| 69.1% | Reference group | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 1.20*** (1.07–1.34) | 1.17** (1.05–1.30) | |
| RR ratios for smoking initiation for those who did not smoke at baseline (N = 2553) | |||||
| 1.6% | Reference group | 1.30 (0.54–3.14) | 2.47* (1.01–6.06) | 1.40 (0.42–4.72) | |
| RR ratios for smoking persistence for those who DID smoke at baseline (N = 217) | |||||
| 65% | Reference group | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | .77 (0.50–1.19) | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) | |
a
Covariates used: age, gender, race, employment, education, marital status, macro/micro events before and after baseline, diabetes complications, Rxrisk, HbA1c, insulin use, type 1 diabetes, years with diabetes.
*
p <.01;
**
p <.001;
***
p <.0001.