Table 1.
Demographic information for subjects by group. Mean values are given with standard deviation (for age) or range (for exposures).
| Control (n=13) |
Cocaine Exposure (PCE, n=12) |
Cocaine & Alcohol Exposure (CAE, n=17) |
ANOVA F- statistic/Kru skal-Wallis |
ANOVA p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 15.5 ± 0.5 | 15.3 ± 0.5 | 0.54 | 0.38 |
| Gender | 8 female/5 male |
8 female/4 male |
9 female/8 male |
0.84 | 0.58 |
| Hollingshead socioeconomic status (12.5y) |
3: 2 subjects 4: 8 subjects 5: 2 subjects |
2: 1 subject 3: 3 subjects 4: 4 subjects 5: 4 subjects |
2: 1 subject 3: 2 subjects 4: 5 subjects 5: 8 subjects |
0.57 | 0.57 |
| Home observation for measurement of the environment (HOME) | 41.7 ± 10.3 | 46.3 ± 6.8 | 40.0 ± 7.8 | 2.03 | 0.15 |
| Cocaine exposure (fraction of weeks with exposure) | 0 | 0.36 (0.15– 0.89) | 0.48 (0.04– 1.00) | n/a1 | n/a1 |
| Alcohol exposure (average mL/ week) | 1.4 (0–8.3) | 1.1 (0–5.4) | 72.9 (9.5–320.9) | n/a1 | n/a1 |
| Marijuana exposure (average joints/week) | 0 (0–0.3) | 1.2 (0–10.4) | 0.6 (0–8.5) | 1.03 | 0.13 |
| Tobacco exposure (average cigarettes/ week) | 0.2 (0–1.7) | 49 (0–151)* | 59 (0–146)* | 6.41 | 0.001 |
| Hair positive for cocaine use at 10.5y | 12 negative/1 positive |
9 negative/2 positive |
14 negative/1 positive |
1.03 | 0.60 |
| Hair positive for cocaine use at 12.5y2 | 8 negative/ 5 positive |
7 negative/4 positive |
11 negative/4 positive |
0.49 | 0.78 |
| WCST Perseverative Errors (std score) | 99.9 ± 14.8 | 100.5 ± 15.7 | 94.6 ± 10.3 | 0.88 | 0.42 |
| WCST Total Errors (std score) | 101.9 ± 13.3 | 106.7 ± 16.5 | 94.5 ± 11.3 | 2.95 | 0.06 |
| Stroop Color-Word (raw score) | 45.0 ± 9.4 | 42.9 ± 11.3 | 37.2 ± 6.6 | 3.05 | 0.06 |
| Trail Making A (s to complete) | 12.5 ± 4.9 | 11.3 ± 3.0 | 13.6 ± 4.6 | 0.65 | 0.36 |
| Trail Making B (s to complete) | 22.9 ± 7.5 | 24.7 ± 7.6 | 33.6 ± 11.2*+ | 4.27 | 0.006 |
*
Indicates significant differences from the control (no exposure) group
+
indicates significant differences from the cocaine-exposed group. WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
1
As groups were defined based on cocaine and alcohol exposure, statistical tests for group differences of these variables are not appropriate.
2
Only one subject (who was in the PCE group) had positive hair tests at both time points, suggesting that most positive test reflect experimentation rather than regular use.