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. 2013 Aug;8(4):441–451.

Table 4.

Biomechanical outcome measurements.

Knee angles Knee external moments
Injured leg ACLR Non-injured leg ACLR Control Injured leg ACLR Non-injured leg ACLR Control
Author °±SD °±SD °±SD Nm/kg Nm/kg Nm/kg
Baechini [41] N.R.

  • Terminal stance extension 32.2*

  • Terminal stance adduction 24.6*

  • Terminal stance extension 21.0*

  • Terminal stance adduction 18.4*

 N.R.
Beard [42]

  • Flexion at 1C

  • Prior surgery l.8±6.0

  • Post surgery -0.1±5.8
Butler [5] Peak adduction 1.9±2.9 Peak adduction 0.9±2.9 Peak adduction 0.4±0.1 Peak adduction 0.3±0.1
Decker [43]

  • PSF Midstance ROM

  • 6w:5.3±1.91,2

  • 12 w: 6.8±3.l1,2

  • FDIIO Midstance ROM

  • 6w:5.4±3.07-1,2

  • 12 w: 10.6±2.71,2

Midstance ROM 15.1±3.31
Ferber [44,45,46] 17.6±4.41 18.7±3.91

  • Left leg: 13.0±0.91

  • Right leg: 15.2±1.9

 9.9±3.31 (extensor angular impulse) 15.8±4.81 (extensor angular impulse)

  • Left leg: 4.2±1.21

  • Right leg: 3.4±0.51 (extensor angular impulse)
Gao [22]

  • Peak flexion 15.7±3.9

  • Peak adduction 0.2±0.5

  • Peak internal rotation 5.8±3.6

  • Peak flexion 18.6±5.0

  • Peak adduction 2.7±2.9

  • Peak internal rotation 2.8±4.7
Georgoulis [47]

  • Flexion at 1C 1.2±6.3

  • Peak loading response 13.4±10.0

  • Peak adduction L7±4.10

  • Peak external rotation 0.3±9.9

  • Flexion at IC 2.3±3.3

  • Peak loading response 14.5±5.8

  • Peak adduction 1.0±3.1

  • Peak external rotation 3.6±6.2

 N.A. N.A.
Gokelcr [48] Difference injured/non-injured flexion-extension 4.9±3.96 Difference left/right flexion-extension 1.3 Difference injured, non-injured 0.3± 0.2 Difference left/right leg 0.1±0.6
Hooper [2]

  • Flexion at IC

  • 6 months 3.0±3.0

  • 1 year 3.0±4.0

  • Midstance ROM

  • 6 months; 9.0±3.03

  • 1 year: 11.0±6.03

  • Flexion at IC

  • 6 months 7.0±4.0

  • 1 year 6.0±3.0

  • Midstance ROM

  • 6 months; 12.0±4.03

  • 1 year: 15.0±4.03

N.A

  • Peak extension

  • 6 months: 0.3±0.1

  • 1 year: 0.3±0.2

  • Peak flexion

  • 6 months: 0.1±0.1

  • 1 year: 0.2±0.1

  • Peak adduction

  • 6 months: 0.2±0.0

  • 1 year: 0.2±0.0

  • Peak extension

  • 6 months: 0.4±0.1

  • 1 year:0.4±0.1

  • Peak flexion

  • 6 months; 0.1±0.2

  • 1 year: 0.2±0.1

  • Peak adduction

  • 6 months; 0.2±0.1

  • 1 year: 0.2±0.1

 N.A.
Hooper [49]

  • Flexion at IC

  • CKC 1.0±4.0

  • OKC 2.0±2.0

  • Midstance ROM

  • CKC 8.0±4.0

  • OKC 6.0±4.0

  • Flexion at IC

  • CKC 4.0±6.0

  • OKC 4.0±4.0

  • Midstance ROM

  • CKC 14.0±2.0

  • OKC 13.0±6.0

 N.A.
Karanikas [50,51]

  • Mean flexion during stance phase

  • 12-26w:5.0±4.13

  • 26-52w: 6.2±4.5

  • 52-104w: 6.0±4.3

  • Mean extension during stance phase

  • 12-26w: 3.7±5.4

  • 26-52w: 7.2±5.7

  • 52-104w:5.0±3.2

  • Mean flexion during stance phase

  • 12-26w: 9.3±4.13

  • 26-52w: 9.2±4.6

  • 52-104w:7.4±5.1

  • Mean extension during stance phase

  • 12-26w; 8.6±5.1

  • 26-52w: 12.1±7.2

  • 52-104w:6.5±3.3

 N.P N.P.
Knoll [52,53]

  • Male peak flexion: 6w: 47.2±1.51 16w:55.3±1.6 32w: 52.3±1.3 52w:52.1±1.0

  • Male peak extension: 6w: 17.8±1.4 16w:7.3±l.l 32w: 5.5±1.0 52w: 5.4±0.9

  • Female peak flexion: 6w: 45.1±2.21 16w:50.1±1.4 32w: 53.7±1.9 52w: 55.4±1.6

  • Female peak extension: 6w: 17.9±2.6 16w:9.9±1.3 32w: 7.7±2.0 52w:7.5±1.0

  • Male peak flexion: 52.3±1.31

  • Male peak extension: 5.5±1.0

  • Female peak flexion: 57.3±1.9

  • Female peak extension: 7.3±1.3

 N.R. N.R.
Lewek [54]

  • Weak ACLR; Flexion at IC: 5.9±3.1 Peak flexion: 2L0±6.2

  • Strong ACLR: Flexion at IC: 6.0±4.0 Peak flexion: 24.1±3.9

  • Flexion at IC: 7.8±5.3

  • Peak flexion: 26.5±4.9

  • Weak ACLR: Peak extension: 0.3±0.3

  • Strong ACLR: Peak extension: 0.4±0.3

 Peak extension; 0.7±0.3
Rocwer [55] Peak flexion: 22.3±5.S 6mo: 23.2±6.6 12 mo: 24.4±7.0 Peak flexion: 25.2±5.4 6mo: 28.1±6.7 12mo;25.4±6.9
Shin [56]

  • (%BW x Ht)

  • Peak flexion: 2.9±0.8

  • Peak adduction: 2.3±0.8

  • Peak abduction: 0.6±0.3

  • Peak internal rotation: 1.0±0.3

  • Peak external rotation: 0.1±0.1

  • (%BW x Ht)

  • Peak flexion: 3.7±0.8

  • Peak adduction: 2.5±0.7

  • Peak abduction: 0.7±0.5

  • Peak internal rotation: 1.0±0.3

  • Peak external rotation: 0.2±0.2
Webster [9] IR at midstance: HS: 8.7 PT: 8.9 IR at midstance: HS: 11.5 PT: 14.1
Webster [57]

  • Male

  • Peak flexion: 19.1±4.5

  • Peak adduction: 5.4±9.2

  • Female

  • Peak flexion: 16.0±5.8

  • Peak adduction: 4.8±3J

  • Male

  • Peak flexion: 19.6±5.4

  • Peak adduction: 5.0±3.5

  • Female

  • Peak flexion: 16.2±6.5

  • Peak adduction: 5.4±4.9

  • Male

  • Peak flexion: 0.3±0.1

  • Peak adduction: 0.3±0.1

  • Female

  • Peak flexion: 0.3±0.1

  • Peak adduction: 0.4±0.1

  • Male

  • Peak flexion: 0.3±0.1 Peak adduction: 0.3±0.1

  • Female

  • Peak flexion: 0.3±0.1

  • Peak adduction: 0.4±0.1
Webseer [58] Flexion at 1C:

  • HS: 8,1±5.4

  • PT: 6.2±3.3

  • Peak flexion:

  • HS:21.0±4.9

  • PT: 17.2±3.6

  • Peak extension:

  • HS: 2.5±3.4

  • PT: 1.5±5.0

 Flexion at IC:

  • 7.8±4.1

  • Peak flexion: 21.5±5.6

  • Peak extension: 0.2±4.5

PT: Patellar tendon graft

HS: Hamstrings graft

S.A.: Strong ACL-R: the injured leg 90% or more quadriceps strength compared to the non-involved quadriceps

W.A.: Weak ACL-R: the injured leg 80% or less quadriceps strength compared to the non-involved quadriceps

N.R.: Not reported

PSF: Preferred strike frequency

FDHO: Force driven harmonic oscillator

1: ensemble average obtained from 5 intervals during stance