Table 3.
Diagnostic accuracy of ankle/lower leg special tests.
| Article | Sample Size | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | LR+ (95% CI) | LR- (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anterior Drawer Test Hertel et al. [21] | 20 subjects | .58 (.29-.84) | 1.00 (.60-1.00) | INF | .42 (.21-.81) |
| Medial Talar Tilt Stress Test Hertel et al [21] | 20 subjects | .50 (.22-/78) | .88 (.47-.99) | 4.00* (.59-27.25) | .57* (.31-1.04) |
| Medial Subtalar Glide Test Hertel et al [21] | 20 subjects | .58 (.29-.S4) | .88 (,47-.99) | 4.67* (.70-31.04) | .48 024-.96) |
| Forced Dorsiflexion Test Molloy et al [23] | 73 subjects | .95 (.81-.99) | .88 (.72-.96) | 8.06 (3.20-20.30) | .06 (.01-.23) |
| Tinel's Sign O1off et al [24] | 19 feet | .58 (.33-/79) | NA | NA | NA |
| Triple Compression Stress Test Abouelela et al [16] | 145 feet | .86 (.76-.92) | 1.00 (.93-1.00) | INF | .14 (.08-.24) |
| Dorsiflexion-Eversion Test Kinoshita et al [20] | |||||
| Numbness | 144 feet | .25 (.14-.41) | 1.00 (.95-1.00) | INF | .75 (,63-.89) |
| Pain | 144 feet | .57 (.41-/71) | 1.00 (.95-1.00) | INF | .43 (.31-.61) |
| Tenderness | 144 feet | .98 (.86-1.00) | 1.00 (.95-1.00) | INF | .02 (.00-. 16) |
| Cotton Test Beumer et al [16] | 28 ankles | .25 | NA | NA | NA |
| External Rotation Test Beumer et al [17] | 294 ankles | NA | .99 (.97-.99) | NA | NA |
| de Cesar et al [18] | 56 subjects | .20 (.04-.56) | .85 (.71-.93) | 1.31* (.32-5.41) | .94* (.69-1.30) |
| Fibular Translation Test Beumer et al [17] | 322 ankles | .75 (.55-.89) | .88 (.84-.91) | 6.30 (4.32-9.19) | .28 (.15-.54) |
| Syndesmosis Squeeze Test de Cesar etal [18] | 56 subjects | .30 (.08-.65) | .93 (.81-.98) | 4.60 (1.08-19.55) | .75* (.50-1.13) |
| Posterior Tibial Edema Sign DeOrio et al [19] | 49 subjects | .86 (.71-.94) | 1.00 (.56-1.00) | INF | .14 (.07-.30) |
| Thompson Test Maffulli [22] | 161 subjects | .96 (.91-.99) | .93 (.75-.99) | 13.47 (3.54-51.25) | .04 (.02-. 10) |
| Matles Test Maffulli [22] | 105 subjects | .88 (.78-.94) | .86 (.66-.95) | 6.18 (2.49-15.37) | .14 (.07-.25) |
| Palpable Gap in Achilles | |||||
| Tendon Maffulli [22] | 161 subjects | .73 (.64-.80) | .89 (.71-.97) | 6.81 (2.32-19.93) | .30 (.23-.40) |
| Copeland Test Maffulli [22] | 14 subjects | .79 (.49-.94) | NA | NA | NA |
LR+ = positive likelihood ratio, LR- = negative likelihood ratio, CI = confidence interval, INF = infinity, * = denotes confidence intervals which cross 1.00, NA = not applicable.