Figure 3.

Multiple cell death pathways induced by saporin-S6 containing immunotoxins (ITs). The scheme shows the broad range of cell death mechanisms triggered by ITs. Once Saporin-S6 reaches the cytosol or ER or nucleus it can cause apoptosis activation (both caspase-dependent or -independent apoptosis), autophagy, necroptosis, oxidative stress and the inhibition of protein synthesis (in red). Moreover, cell death can also be activated by the antibody (in green) occurring through apoptosis or, when full-length antibodies are used through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).