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The propolis derivative, GS-002, induced endoplasmic reticular stress in human hepatoma cells. Hep3B cells were treated (a) with 20 μg/mL GS-002 for the indicated time periods or (b) with various concentrations of GS-002 for 12 h. Total cell lysates were used to detect protein expressions of GRP78, GADD153, phospho-eIF2α (p-eIF2α), phosphor-PERK (p-PEK), and α-tubulin by Western blotting.
