Table 2.

Association Between Number of Insomnia Symptoms and Subsequent Service Utilization

	Service use, n (%)	Model I,* OR (95% CI)	Model II,† OR (95% CI)	Model III,‡ OR (95% CI)
Hospitalization
0 symptom	2,230 (23.8)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
1 symptom	1,082 (29.2)	1.28 (1.15, 1.43)	1.21 (1.08, 1.36)	1.18 (1.05, 1.32)
≥2 symptoms	924 (35.2)	1.71 (1.50, 1.96)	1.46 (1.26, 1.69)	1.33 (1.14, 1.55)
p value for trend		<.001	<.001	<.001
Home health care service
0 symptom	684 (6.8)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
1 symptom	357 (9.1)	1.29 (1.09, 1.52)	1.21 (1.02, 1.43)	1.16 (0.98, 1.37)
≥2 symptoms	311 (11.2)	1.64 (1.32, 2.04)	1.37 (1.08, 1.72)	1.20 (0.94, 1.52)
p value for trend		<.001	.009	.138
Nursing home use
0 symptom	419 (3.5)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
1 symptom	192 (3.9)	0.98 (0.75, 1.27)	0.94 (0.72, 1.24)	0.91 (0.69, 1.19)
≥2 symptoms	170 (5.3)	1.45 (1.10, 1.90)	1.29 (0.98, 1.69)	1.13 (0.85, 1.50)
p value for trend		.009	.073	.405
Any health service
0 symptom	2,452 (25.6)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
1 symptom	1,187 (31.3)	1.28 (1.15, 1.41)	1.21 (1.09, 1.35)	1.17 (1.05, 1.30)
≥2 symptoms	1,011 (37.6)	1.72 (1.51, 1.95)	1.47 (1.28, 1.68)	1.32 (1.15, 1.53)
p value for trend		<.001	<.001	<.001

Notes: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; ref = reference.

N = 14,330–14,348 for Model I, N = 14,226–14,283 for Model II, and N = 14,266–14,283 for Model III.

All percentages and ORs account for the complex survey design and are weighted to make results nationally representative.

*Adjusted for age, gender, race, and education.

^†Adjusted for same variables as Model I and for heart attack, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and osteoarthritis.

^‡Adjusted for same variables as Model II and depression.