Figure 1.

Glucose treatment protocol. This figure shown illustrates the duration and concentration levels used for all glucose experimental groups tested in this study. The following clinically relevant glucose concentrations were used: normal (100mg/dL or 5.5mM), high (450mg/dL or 25mM), and low (30mg/dL or 1.5mM). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO₂ and grown in T-75 flasks. The experimental values for all tested groups were obtained from four repeated cultures (in parallel) of endothelial cells from early (population doubling level [PDL] 6) to late (PDL 44) passage. ■ = % Senescence, ▲ = population doubling rate (PDL/d).