Table 3.

ROI-based follow-up review: + signs denote that a study reported activation within 20 mm distance to a peak of our meta-analytic conjunction (20 mm corresponds to the smoothness of meta-analysis).

First author	PREC	ANG	OCC	Persp. task	Control task
LEVEL 1 VISUAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING
Vogeley et al., 2004	+	+		You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Indicate how many objects the avatar can see.	You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Indicate how many objects you see.
Kaiser et al., 2008	+	+		You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Indicate how many objects the avatar can see.	You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Indicate how many objects you see.
Dumontheil et al., 2010*	+		+	You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Follow the avatar's instruction (e.g., ‘move the large object up’). This instruction is dependent on the avatar's perspective (e.g., he can't see the largest object in the scene).	You see a scene including an avatar and a number of objects. Follow the avatar's instruction (e.g., ‘moves the large object up’). As a rule, if the avatar has a male (female) voice, you can only move certain objects.
LEVEL 2 VISUAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING
Aichhorn et al., 2006				You see a scene including an avatar and two objects. Indicate their relative spatial arrangement e.g., 'Block is in front of the pole' from the viewpoint of an avatar.	You see a scene including an avatar and two objects. Indicate their relative spatial arrangement e.g., ‘Block is in front of the pole’ from your own viewpoint.
David et al., 2006		+		You see a scene including two avatars facing you. You and the avatars play a ball-tossing game. Take the perspective of one of them and indicate in which direction (left or right) he must throw the ball to pass it to the other avatar.	You see a scene including two avatars facing you. You and the avatars play a ball-tossing game. Indicate from your own perspective in which direction (left or right) you must throw the ball to pass it to one of the avatars.
David et al., 2008		+		You see a scene including an avatar facing you and two objects, located between you and the avatar. Indicate from his perspective which object (left or right) is elevated.	You see a scene including an avatar facing you and two objects, located between you and the avatar. Indicate from your perspective which object (left or right) is elevated.
Kockler et al., 2010			+	You see a scene including an avatar and one object. Indicate from the avatar's perspective if the object is to his left or right.	You see a scene including an avatar and one object. Indicate from your own perspective if the object is to your left or right.
Mazzarella et al., 2013		+		You see a table with an object on it. An avatar stands next to the table. Indicate from his perspective if the object is to his left or right.	You see a table with an object on it. An avatar stands next to the table. Indicate from your perspective if the object is to your left or right.
LEVEL 2 IMAGINED VIEWER ROTATION
Creem et al., 2001	+			You see an array of four objects. Imagine being located in the array's center. Then imagine that your body position is rotated to a certain degree. Perform a relative location judgment (which object is on your right?).	You see an array of four objects. Imagine being located in the array's center. Stick to your actual body orientation, do not imagine a rotation. Perform a relative location judgment (which object is on your right?).
Zacks et al., 2003		+	+	You see an array of four objects. Imagine viewing the array from a different angle (i.e., imagine a self-rotation around the array). Indicate if a particular object is now on the left or right side of the array.	You see an array of four objects. Imagine that the array rotates along its vertical axis, while your own position remains the same. Indicate if a particular object is now on the left or right side of the array.
Wraga et al., 2005			+	You see a Shepard-Metzler object. Imagine viewing the object from a different angle (i.e., imagine a self-rotation around the array). Indicate if you now can see a particular side of the object.	You see a Shepard-Metzler object. Imagine rotating the object along. Indicate if you now can see a particular side of the object.
Creem-Regehr et al., 2007	+		+	You see an array of 6 objects surrounding a hand. Imagine viewing the hand from the position of one of the objects (i.e., imagine a self-rotation to this position). Indicate if the thumb is now to your left or right.	You see an array of 6 objects surrounding a hand. Indicate from your actual viewpoint if the thumb is to your left or right.
Wraga et al., 2010	+	+	+	You see a Shepard-Metzler object. Imagine viewing the object from a different angle (i.e., imagine a self-rotation around the array). Indicate if you now can see a particular side of the object.	You see a Shepard-Metzler object. Imagine holding the object in the right hand and rotating it in a specific way. Indicate if you now can see a particular side of the object.
Lambrey et al., 2012				You see a table with objects on it. Imagine rotating yourself around it to the position of an avatar / arrow (activation collapsed). Memorize the arrangement of objects from this perspective (tested later).	You see a table with objects on it. Imagine rotating the table until one object is in front of an avatar / arrow (activation collapsed). Memorize the current arrangement of objects from your own perspective (tested later).

PREC … Precuneus x = 0, y = −53, z = 52; ANG … Angular Gyrus x = −41, y = −59, z = 42; OCC … Middle Occipital Gyrus x = −49, y = −72, z = 13;

^*Dumontheil et al.’s (2010) study could also be classified as a level 2 perspective task. The picture stimuli used in the task show a level 1 perspective difference. However, the task also presents statements (e.g., “move the large ball up”) that have to be interpreted from another person's perspective. A correct interpretation requires understanding that the other person has a different perspective of the entire scene (from his perspective, one particular ball is the largest of all, whereas from one's own point of view, another ball is the largest of all).