Figure 4.

Twenty-four hour monitoring of peripheral blood showed an increase in the numbers of monocytes in the circulation and a phase shift in peak levels in diabetes. Twenty-four hour monitoring of peripheral blood of type 1 diabetic rats (PT; A) and diabetic humans and controls (B) was performed. In both rats and humans, diabetes was associated with more monocytes in the circulation and a phase shift in peak levels compared with age- and sex-matched controls, suggesting that diurnal-controlled neural signals influenced monocyte mobilization and were altered in diabetes. The monocytes were plotted by individual points and a cosine function–fitted curve for rats (A), and by individual points with a line conjugated for each human patient and a fitted curve derived from a nonlinear mixed-effects model with cosine function (B). WBC, white blood cell; ZT, Zeitgeber time.