Table 2 .
The prevalence of each of the five criteria in patients with multiple sclerosis and in healthy controls, based on eight published series
| Criteria | References | MS N = 1329 | HC N = 455 | Total MS | Total HC | *OR (95% CI) p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Reflux in IJV and/or VV in supine and upright position OR Reflux in one of the two positions and absence of flow in the other. | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 76/109 | 0/177 | 798/1329 60% | 40/455 9% | 15.6 ( 11 – 22 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | 18/25 | 7/25 | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | 31/70 | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 130/289 | 33/163 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | 0/56 | 0/20 | ||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 12/50 | 0/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 0/20 | 0/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 531/710 | np | ||||
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| ||||||
| 2. Reflux in the intracranial veins | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 55/109 | 0/ | 478/1329 36% | 15/455 3% | 17.1 ( 10 – 29 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | np | np | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | np | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 104/222 | 15/118 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | 1/56 | 0/20 | ||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 0/50 | 0/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 0/20 | 0/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 318/710 | np | ||||
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| ||||||
| 3. High resolution B-mode evidence of proximal IJV stenoses and/or intraluminal defect | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 30/109 | 1/177 | 889/1329 67% | 80/455 17.5% | 9.5 ( 7 – 12 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | 23/25 | 0/25 | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | 61/70 | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 185/289 | 63/163 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | 0/56 | 0/20 | ||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 8/50 | 0/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 13/20 | 16/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 569/710 | np | ||||
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| 4. Flow not Doppler detectable in IJV and/or VV in both supine and upright positions. | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 35/109 | 1/177 | 351/1329 26% | 16/455 3.5% | 9.8 ( 6 – 16 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | 0/25 | 0/25 | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | 37/70 | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 30/289 | 12/163 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | 5/56 | 1/20 | ||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 3/50 | 1/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 0/20 | 1/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 241/710 | np | ||||
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| 5. CSA of the IJV in upright position > CSA supine | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 61/109 | 21/177 | 408/1329 31% | 65/455 14% | 2.7 ( 2 – 4 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | 4/25 | 0/25 | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | 28/70 | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 33/289 | 11/163 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | ||||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 8/50 | 3/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 0/20 | 0/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 270/710 | np | ||||
|
| ||||||
| ≥ 2 POSITIVE CRITERIA | Zamboni ( 38 ) | 109/109 | 0/177 | 974/1329 73% | 39/455 8.5% | 29 ( 20 – 41 ) < 0.0001 |
| Al-Omari ( 5 ) | 21/25 | 0/25 | ||||
| Simka ( 6 ) | 63/70 | np | ||||
| Zivadinov ( 4 ) | 162/289 | 37/163 | ||||
| Doepp ( 8 ) | 0/56 | 0/20 | ||||
| Baracchini ( 11 ) | 8/50 | 1/50 | ||||
| Mayer ( 9 ) | 0/20 | 1/20 | ||||
| Bastianello ( 7 ) | 611/710 | np | ||||
Abbreviations: IJV=internal jugular vein; VV=vertebral vein; CSA=cross-sectional area; MS=multiple sclerosis; HC=healthy controls
*
Two-tailed Fisher’s exact test followed by OR (95% CI) was adopted because all the authors stated that they had used the same ultrasonographic criteria (Zamboni criteria).