Table 1.
Adults' mean expressiveness ratings (and standard deviations) of audio and video excerpts from each mother on a 5-point scale (1 = neutral, 5 = highly animated).
| Talking pairs | Audio Mom A | Video Mom A | Audio Mom B | Video Mom B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.8 (0.56) | 3.33 (1.23) | 2.47 (1.13) | 1.93 (0.70) |
| 2 | 2.68 (0.98) | 1.07 (0.26) | 1.87 (0.83) | 3.23 (0.90) |
| 3 | 3.93 (1.16) | 1.43 (0.50) | 2.27 (0.88) | 1.77 (0.62) |
| 4 | 3.40 (1.06) | 1.20 (0.41) | 4.00 (1.00) | 3.50 (1.05) |
| Singing pairs | Audio Mom A | Video Mom A | Audio Mom B | Video Mom B |
| 1 | 3.93 (0.80) | 4.17 (0.79) | 3.93 (0.96) | 3.00 (1.25) |
| 2 | 2.80 (0.86) | 3.27 (0.96) | 3.47 (0.64) | 3.20 (0.78) |
| 3 | 4.33 (0.90) | 3.63 (0.81) | 2.67 (0.72) | 2.93 (0.70) |
| 4 | 3.73 (0.96) | 3.67 (0.98) | 2.87 (0.83) | 3.07 (0.80) |
Ratings of speech are presented in the upper section and ratings of singing in the lower section. Columns indicate ratings for different pairs of mothers (1–4) and rows indicate ratings for each pair (Mom A, Mom B). Ratings of talking are for the unaltered excerpts, as in Experiments 1 and 4. Ratings of singing are for unaltered excerpts of the same song, as in Experiment 4.