Figure 1.

A schematic diagram of the canine pelvic limb that demonstrates functional outcome measures in golden retriever muscular dystrophy. The cranial sartorius (CS; line of diamonds) muscle is a hip flexor; the long digital extensor (dashed line) muscle is a tarsal joint flexor; the VL (dotted line) muscle is a stifle extensor. As CS circumference and tarsal joint flexor strength increase and tibiotarsal joint angle and extensor torque decrease, overall phenotype becomes more severe (see Figure 2). This study focused on the endpoint of CS circumference (hypertrophy).