Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychiatric characteristics.
| CN (n = 25) |
Dep (n = 18) |
aMCI (n = 17) |
aMCI/Dep (n = 12) |
p-Value |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age (year) | 74.28 | 8.25 | 68.61a | 6.81 | 75.12d | 6.62 | 68.33f | 13.87 | 0.043Ϯ |
| Education (years) | 15.32 | 2.87 | 14.61 | 2.57 | 13.47 | 2.07 | 14.25 | 2.99 | 0.175 |
| Gender (F/M) | 12/13 | 14/4 | 11/6 | 7/5 | 0.135 | ||||
| Neuropsychological measures | |||||||||
| MMSE | 28.92 | 1.22 | 28.06 | 1.21 | 27.29 | 1.83 | 26.92c | 1.93 | 0.001* |
| DRS-2 raw scores | |||||||||
| Attention | 36.56 | 0.51 | 36.39 | 0.70 | 35.71b | 0.77 | 36.00 | 1.21 | 0.004* |
| INIT/PERS | 36.32 | 1.38 | 36.22 | 2.10 | 34.88 | 3.62 | 32.50 | 5.55 | 0.005 |
| Construct | 6.00 | 0.00 | 5.94 | 0.24 | 5.94 | 0.24 | 5.83 | 0.58 | 0.436 |
| Conceptual | 37.76 | 1.33 | 37.61 | 1.24 | 35.88b | 2.45 | 35.41ce | 3.12 | 0.001* |
| Memory | 23.64 | 1.04 | 23.89 | 1.13 | 19.06bd | 2.68 | 19.50ce | 3.60 | < 0.001* |
| Total | 140.36 | 2.53 | 140.11 | 3.20 | 130.88bd | 5.49 | 129.67ce | 6.70 | < 0.001* |
| Recall scores | |||||||||
| IMMED | 14.36 | 3.73 | 14.17 | 3.96 | 8.41bd | 3.59 | 7.17ce | 3.76 | < 0.001* |
| DELAYED | 12.92 | 4.03 | 12.06 | 4.24 | 2.47bd | 3.30 | 3.25ce | 3.14 | < 0.001* |
| HAMA | 1.16 | 1.06 | 10.88a | 5.07 | 2.18d | 1.55 | 8.67cf | 4.19 | < 0.001* |
| GDS | 1.88 | 2.11 | 17.28a | 3.29 | 4.35d | 2.67 | 14.25cf | 6.43 | < 0.001* |
| Current antidepressants (%) | |||||||||
| No antidepressant | – | 2 (11.1) | 16 (94.1) | 2 (16.7) | |||||
| SSRI monotherapy | – | 2 (11.1) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (16.7) | |||||
| SNRI monotherapy | – | 4 (22.2) | – | 2 (16.7) | |||||
| Other | – | 2 (11.1) | – | 1 (8.3) | |||||
| Combination therapy | – | 8 (44.5) | – | 5 (41.6) | |||||
| Current cognitive enhancers (%) | |||||||||
| No cognitive enhancers | – | – | 8 (47.1) | 8 (66.6) | |||||
| ChEI monotherapy | – | – | 7 (41.1) | 2 (16.7) | |||||
| Memantine monotherapy | – | – | 1 (5.9) | 2 (16.7) | |||||
| Combination therapy | – | – | 1 (5.9) | – | |||||
Notes: In demographic information, age showed significant across the subject groups without corrections for multiple comparisons (Ϯ: p < 0.05). In addition, significant differences (*: p < 0.0045, Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison) were found in MMSE, DRS-2 raw scores (except for INIT/PERS and Construct), memory recalled scores (IMMED and Delayed) and emotional scores (HAMA and GDS) among four groups. a–f: post-hoc analysis further revealed the source of ANOVA difference (a: CN vs Dep; b: CN vs aMCI; c: CN vs aMCI/Dep; d: Dep vs aMCI; e: Dep vs aMCI/Dep; f: aMCI vs aMCI/Dep). Unless otherwise indicated, data are presented as mean ± SD. Abbreviation: CN, cognitive normal or controls; Dep, depression; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; aMCI/Dep, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with depression; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; F/M: female/male; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; DRS-2: dementia rating scale-2; INIT/PERS: Initiation/Preservation; IMMED, immediate recall scores; DELAYED, delayed recall scores; HAMA, Hamilton anxiety scales scores; GDS, geriatric depression scale scores; SSRI: selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors; SNRI: serotonin norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors; ChEI: cholinesterase inhibitors. Other antidepressants include: bupropion, mirtazapine, and trazodone.