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. 2013 Sep 6;3:290–300. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.017

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© 2013 The Authors

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig. 2 — Spatial learning and memory deficits in APP mice. (A) All mice undergoing non-spatial Morris water maze performed equally well at the end of training. (B) In contrast, 6-month-old APP mice () were impaired in the spatial Morris water maze, featuring significantly longer escape latencies in finding the hidden platform relative to WT controls (). Pioglitazone slightly, but not significantly, improved learning performance in treated APP mice (). (C) Compared to WT mice, learning capacity while impaired in APP mice was similar in pioglitazone-treated APP mice. (D) A decrease in the average distance swam per training day was observed in pioglitazone-treated APP mice compared to untreated APP mice, reaching significance on day 5. (E) In the probe trial, the number of crossings was slightly higher in pioglitazone-treated APP mice compared to APP mice, but still significantly different from WT mice. (F) Compared to WT mice, distance travelled in the correct quadrant was significantly lower in APP, but not in pioglitazone-treated APP mice. (G) Representative swim paths ( start, end) and percent distance travelled in each quadrant. Pioglitazone-treated APP mice showed mild improvement in the swim strategy used to locate the hidden platform. Overall, all groups displayed comparable swim speeds ruling out motor disabilities. Statistical analysis used was a two-way ANOVA. p < .05 compared to APP, p < .05, p < .01, and p < .001 compared to WT. Pioglitazone-treated WT mice (), error bars: SEM, pio: pioglitazone, WT: wild-type.

Inline graphic — Spatial learning and memory deficits in APP mice. (A) All mice undergoing non-spatial Morris water maze performed equally well at the end of training. (B) In contrast, 6-month-old APP mice () were impaired in the spatial Morris water maze, featuring significantly longer escape latencies in finding the hidden platform relative to WT controls (). Pioglitazone slightly, but not significantly, improved learning performance in treated APP mice (). (C) Compared to WT mice, learning capacity while impaired in APP mice was similar in pioglitazone-treated APP mice. (D) A decrease in the average distance swam per training day was observed in pioglitazone-treated APP mice compared to untreated APP mice, reaching significance on day 5. (E) In the probe trial, the number of crossings was slightly higher in pioglitazone-treated APP mice compared to APP mice, but still significantly different from WT mice. (F) Compared to WT mice, distance travelled in the correct quadrant was significantly lower in APP, but not in pioglitazone-treated APP mice. (G) Representative swim paths ( start, end) and percent distance travelled in each quadrant. Pioglitazone-treated APP mice showed mild improvement in the swim strategy used to locate the hidden platform. Overall, all groups displayed comparable swim speeds ruling out motor disabilities. Statistical analysis used was a two-way ANOVA. p < .05 compared to APP, p < .05, p < .01, and p < .001 compared to WT. Pioglitazone-treated WT mice (), error bars: SEM, pio: pioglitazone, WT: wild-type.