Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the African Early HIV Infection Cohort by infecting HIV-1 subtype, N = 579.
| Infecting HIV-1 subtype | |||||||||||
| Total | A | C | D | Othera | |||||||
| Characteristic | N | Percentage of total | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | P |
| Total | 579 | 100.0 | 209 | 36.1 | 256 | 44.2 | 84 | 14.5 | 30 | 5.2 | |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Women | 235 | 40.6 | 72 | 30.6 | 115 | 48.9 | 40 | 17.0 | 8 | 3.4 | <0.001b |
| Men | 346 | 59.8 | 137 | 39.6 | 142 | 41.0 | 45 | 13.0 | 22 | 6.4 | |
| Non-MSM | 255 | 44.0 | 73 | 28.6 | 133 | 52.2 | 36 | 14.1 | 13 | 5.1 | |
| MSM | 90 | 15.5 | 64 | 71.1 | 9 | 10.0 | 8 | 8.9 | 9 | 10.0 | |
| Clinical research center | |||||||||||
| Kilifi, Kenya | 87 | 15.0 | 63 | 72.4 | 8 | 9.2 | 8 | 9.2 | 8 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Nairobi, Kenya | 24 | 4.1 | 18 | 75.0 | 1 | 4.2 | 4 | 16.7 | 1 | 4.2 | |
| Kigali, Rwanda | 92 | 15.9 | 74 | 80.4 | 10 | 10.9 | 2 | 2.2 | 6 | 6.5 | |
| Rustenburg, South Africa | 12 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cape Town, South Africa | 6 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Masaka, Uganda | 95 | 16.4 | 29 | 30.5 | 4 | 4.2 | 54 | 56.8 | 8 | 8.4 | |
| Entebbe, Uganda | 45 | 7.8 | 25 | 55.6 | 1 | 2.2 | 16 | 35.6 | 3 | 6.7 | |
| Lusaka, Zambia | 141 | 24.4 | 0 | 0 | 138 | 97.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.1 | |
| Copperbelt, Zambia | 78 | 13.5 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 98.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.3 | |
| Age at infection (years) | |||||||||||
| 16 to <40 | 493 | 85.1 | 185 | 37.5 | 214 | 43.4 | 70 | 14.2 | 24 | 4.9 | NSc |
| ≥40 | 86 | 14.9 | 24 | 27.9 | 42 | 48.8 | 14 | 16.3 | 6 | 7.0 | |
| Median | 29 | – | 28 | – | 32 | – | 29 | – | 27 | – | <0.001 |
| Range (min-max) | (16–58) | – | (17–58) | – | (16–58) | – | (17–58) | – | (18–48) | – | |
| Marital status at enrollment | |||||||||||
| Never married | 114 | 19.7 | 71 | 62.3 | 27 | 23.7 | 8 | 7.0 | 8 | 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Currently married | 433 | 74.8 | 126 | 29.1 | 220 | 50.8 | 67 | 15.5 | 20 | 4.6 | |
| Monogamous | 380 | 87.8 | 105 | 27.6 | 212 | 55.8 | 47 | 12.4 | 16 | 4.2 | |
| Polygamous | 53 | 12.2 | 21 | 39.6 | 8 | 15.1 | 20 | 37.7 | 4 | 7.5 | |
| Previously marriedd | 32 | 5.5 | 12 | 37.5 | 9 | 28.1 | 9 | 28.1 | 2 | 6.3 | |
| Highest education level achieved at enrollment | |||||||||||
| None | 44 | 7.6 | 20 | 45.5 | 7 | 15.9 | 13 | 29.5 | 4 | 9.1 | 0.001 |
| Some primary | 312 | 53.9 | 114 | 36.5 | 138 | 44.2 | 48 | 15.4 | 12 | 3.8 | |
| Some secondary | 189 | 32.6 | 58 | 30.7 | 98 | 51.9 | 22 | 11.6 | 11 | 5.8 | |
| More than secondarye | 35 | 6.0 | 17 | 48.6 | 14 | 40.0 | 1 | 2.9 | 3 | 8.6 | |
| Circumcision (men only) | |||||||||||
| No | 195 | 76.5 | 54 | 27.7 | 108 | 55.4 | 22 | 11.3 | 11 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 112 | 43.9 | 69 | 61.6 | 15 | 13.4 | 20 | 17.9 | 8 | 7.1 | |
| Missing | 38 | 14.9 | 14 | 36.8 | 19 | 50.0 | 2 | 5.3 | 3 | 7.9 | |
| Reported risk category | |||||||||||
| HIV-serodiscordant couple | 428 | 73.9 | 117 | 27.3 | 238 | 55.6 | 54 | 12.6 | 19 | 4.4 | <0.001 |
| MSM | 90 | 15.5 | 64 | 71.1 | 9 | 10.0 | 8 | 8.9 | 9 | 10.0 | |
| Other heterosexualf | 48 | 8.3 | 22 | 45.8 | 9 | 18.8 | 16 | 33.3 | 1 | 2.1 | |
| Unknown/Not reported | 13 | 2.2 | 6 | 46.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 46.2 | 1 | 7.7 | |
| Days from EDI at enrollment | |||||||||||
| <70 | 360 | 62.2 | 134 | 37.2 | 149 | 41.4 | 57 | 15.8 | 20 | 5.6 | NS |
| 70–168 | 152 | 26.3 | 56 | 36.8 | 68 | 44.7 | 20 | 13.2 | 8 | 5.3 | |
| >168 | 66 | 11.4 | 19 | 28.8 | 38 | 57.6 | 7 | 10.6 | 2 | 3.0 | |
| Method used to estimate EDI | |||||||||||
| Antibody test results | 380 | 65.6 | 103 | 27.1 | 198 | 52.1 | 61 | 16.1 | 18 | 4.7 | <0.001 |
| p24 test results | 81 | 14.0 | 38 | 46.9 | 25 | 30.9 | 13 | 16.0 | 5 | 6.2 | |
| PCR test results | 48 | 8.3 | 38 | 79.2 | 5 | 10.4 | 1 | 2.1 | 4 | 8.3 | |
| Other | 69 | 11.9 | 30 | 43.5 | 27 | 39.1 | 9 | 13.0 | 3 | 4.3 | |
| CD4+ cell count at month 3g post-EDIh, median (IQR)i in cells/μl | |||||||||||
| All | 532 (431–698) | – | 595 (453–730) | – | 503 (406–646) | – | 557 (457–726) | – | 555 (337–704) | – | 0.02 |
| Women | 569 (476–758) | – | 629 (487–740) | – | 553 (460–748) | – | 564 (476–804) | – | 555 (477–594) | – | NS |
| Males | 512 (412–673) | – | 579 (440–716) | – | 481 (377–580) | – | 522 (405–674) | – | 522 (405–674) | – | 0.003 |
| N on-MSM | 503 (408–648) | – | 549 (445–705) | – | 479 (369–578) | – | 516 (405–688) | – | 631 (337–868) | – | 0.01 |
| MSM | 574 (428–697) | – | 586 (436–736) | – | 486 (429–600) | – | 574 (487–598) | – | 383 (295–684) | – | NS |
| Viral load at month 3 post-EDI, median (IQR) in 1 × 105 copies/ml | |||||||||||
| All | 4.6 (3.9–5.2) | – | 4.5 (3.8–5.1) | – | 4.7 (4.1–5.2) | – | 4.6 (3.8–5.3) | – | 4.5 (4.0–4.9) | – | NS |
| Women | 4.4 (3.7–5.1) | – | 4.4 (3.8–5.0) | – | 4.5 (3.6–5.1) | – | 4.4 (3.5–5.3) | – | 4.4 (4.0–5.3) | – | NS |
| Non-MSM | 4.8 (4.2–5.3) | – | 4.5 (4.0–4.9) | – | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | – | 4.8 (4.1–5.3) | – | 4.8 (3.9–4.9) | – | 0.05 |
| MSM | 4.5 (3.8–5.0) | – | 4.3 (3.8–5.2) | – | 4.8 (4.5–4.8) | – | 3.4 (2.4–4.3) | – | 4.5 (4.5–4.6) | – | NS |
aOther subtypes include B, G, CRF02_AG, CRF11_CPX, recombinant forms A1A2D, A1C, A1CD, A1D, CK, and CD. Volunteers with missing subtype data are not shown in this table.
bComparison of women, non-MSM males, and MSM. Comparison of all men to all women is also significant (P = 0.03).
cNot statistically significant at P < 0.05 level.
dIncludes divorced, separated, and widowed.
eIncludes technical training, apprenticeships and other schooling beyond secondary school.
fIncludes multiple sexual partners, recent sexually transmitted infection, sex in exchange for money or gifts, or sexually active youth.
gDefined as day 84 ± 14 days post-EDI.
hEDI, estimated date of infection.
iIQR, interquartile range.