Table 2.

Selected potential biotechnological applications of cold‐adapted enzymes.

Applications	Enzymes	Reference
Food and Feed industry:
Animal feed for the improvement of digestibility and assimilation	Lipase, protease, phytase, glucanases, xylanase	Collins et al. (2005); Hatti‐Kaul et al. (2005); Huang et al. (2009); Tutino et al. (2009); Ueda et al. (2010)
And removal of hemicellulosic material from feed	Protease	Wang et al., 2010a
Meat tenderizing	Chitinase	Dahiya et al. (2006)
Single‐cell protein from shellfish waste	α‐amylase, glucoamylase	Gerday et al. (2000)
Starch hydrolysis	Pectinase, xylanase	Nakagawa et al. (2004); Collins et al. (2005)
Clarification of fruit, vegetable juices and wine	Pectate lyase, pectinase	Truong et al. (2001)
Cheese ripening	α‐amylase, xylanase	Gerday et al. (2000); Collins et al. (2005);
Dough fermentation, bakery products	β‐galactosidase	Białkowska et al. (2009)
Removal of lactose from milk, conversion of lactose in whey into glucose and galactose in dairy industry	Laccase	Kunamneni et al. (2008)
Wine and beverage stabilization	Feruloyl esterase	Aurilia et al. (2008)
Production of vanillin as a food precursor
Detergents and cleaning industry:
Additive to detergents for washing at room temperature	Lipase, protease	Tutino et al. (2009); Wang et al. (2010a)
Fine chemical synthesis by reverse hydrolysis in organic solvents:
Flavour modification, optically active esters	Lipase, esterase	Joseph et al. (2008)
Asymmetric chemical synthesis	Dehydrogenase	Cavicchioli et al. (2002)
Peptides, oligosaccharides	Protease, feruloyl esterase	Aurilia et al. (2008); Wang et al. (2010a)
Epoxides	Epoxide hydrolase	Kang et al. (2008)
Organic compounds	Peroxidases	Ferreira‐Leitao et al. (2003)
Environmental Biotechnology:
Bioremediation, degradation and removal of xenobiotics and toxic compounds	Lipase, protease, hydrocarbon degrading enzyme, xylanase, peroxidase	Joseph et al. (2008); Wang et al. (2010a); Margesin et al. (2003); Collins et al. (2005)
		Ferreira‐Leitao et al., 2003
Tanning and hide industry	Collagenase (deseasin)	Zhao et al. (2008)
Biobleaching in paper and pulp industry	Xylanase	Collins et al. (2005)
Biofuels and energy production:
Biodiesel production by trans‐esterification of oils and alcohols	Lipase	Tutino et al. (2009)
Conversion of chitin to ethanol	Chitinase and yeast	Dahiya et al. (2006)
Conversion of cellulose to ethanol	Cellulase‐β‐glucosidase complex	Ueda et al. (2010)
Bioethanol production from dairy waste	β‐galactosidase	Hildebrandt et al. (2009)
Pharmaceutical, medical and domestic industry:
Hydrolysis of chitin to chitosan, chitooligosaccharides, glucosamine	Chitinase	Dahiya et al. (2006)
Anti‐fungal drug and additive for anti‐fungal creams and lotions	Chitinase	Dahiya et al. (2006)
Mosquito control at larval stage	Endo‐chitinase and lipase	Dahiya et al. (2006)
Synthesis of citronellol laurate	Lipase	Joseph et al. (2008)
Cosmetics	Lipase, laccase	Joseph et al. (2008); Kunamneni et al. (2008)
Anti‐bacterial agent	Lysozyme	Sotelo‐Mundo et al. (2007)
Anti‐microbial, antioxidant, photoprotectant (ferulic acid)	Feruloyl esterase	Aurilia et al. (2008)
Antibiotic degradation	β‐lactamase	Michaux et al. (2008)
Chiral resolution of drugs to increase potency and spectrum	Esterase	Jeon et al. (2009a,b)
Chiral resolution and synthesis of chemicals (such as dyes)	Peroxidase	Ferreira‐Leitao et al. (2003)
Manufacture of anti‐cancer drugs	Laccase	Kunamneni et al. (2008)
Preparation of precursors of antibiotics	Imidase (cyclic imide hydrolase)	Huang and Yang (2003)
Textile industry
Stone washing	Cellulase	Ueda et al. (2010)
Desizing denim jeans	α‐amylase	Gerday et al. (2000)
Retting of flax, jute ramie, hemp etc	Xylanase	Collins et al. (2005)