Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 1,389), stratified by EDS total score.
| N | Total | EDS score | EDS score | P | ||||
| missing | <12 | ≥12 | value | |||||
| (n = 1,221) | (n = 168) | |||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Female sex | 0 | 50% (699/1389) | 48% (590/1221) | 65% (109/168) | <0.001 | |||
| Age, years | 0 | 67±10 | 67±10 | 67±10 | 0.81 | |||
| Non-western ethnicity | 15 | 2% (30/1374) | 2% (20/1207) | 6% (10/167) | <0.001 | |||
| Low educational level | 65 | 64% (843/1324) | 62% (723/1167) | 76% (120/157) | <0.001 | |||
| Being single | 15 | 23% (321/1374) | 22% (271/1208) | 30% (50/166) | 0.03 | |||
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Diabetes duration ≥ 3 years | 13 | 59% (805/1376) | 58% (703/1209) | 61% (102/167) | 0.47 | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 24 | 33% (453/1365) | 33% (391/1198) | 37% (62/167) | 0.25 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 27 | 11% (153/1362) | 11% (135/1195) | 11% (18/167) | 0.84 | |||
| Bypass/angioplasty | 22 | 13% (178/1367) | 13% (152/1200) | 16% (26/167) | 0.30 | |||
| Stroke | 21 | 7% (94/1368) | 7% (79/1200) | 9% (15/168) | 0.26 | |||
| Arterial disease | 29 | 22% (292/1360) | 21% (252/1193) | 24% (40/167) | 0.40 | |||
| Microvascular disease | 363 | 32% (332/1026) | 32% (286/906) | 38% (46/120) | 0.14 | |||
| Retinopathy | 368 | 5% (46/1021) | 4% (38/903) | 7% (8/118) | 0.21 | |||
| Micro- and/or macroalbuminuria | 171 | 25% (301/1218) | 24% (261/1072) | 27% (40/146) | 0.42 | |||
| Other chronic condition(s) | 17 | 48% (661/1372) | 47% (565/1205) | 58% (96/167) | 0.01 | |||
| Kidney disease | 30 | 3% (46/1359) | 3% (40/1192) | 4% (6/167) | 0.87 | |||
| Asthma/COPD | 23 | 12% (168/1366) | 11% (137/1199) | 19% (31/167) | 0.009 | |||
| Cancer | 27 | 9% (123/1362) | 9% (106/1195) | 10% (17/167) | 0.58 | |||
| Arthrosis | 17 | 32% (440/1372) | 31% (372/1205) | 41% (68/167) | 0.01 | |||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 21 | 7% (95/1368) | 7% (78/1200) | 10% (17/168) | 0.08 | |||
| Hyperglycemia treatment | ||||||||
| Number of OAD classes | 0 | 1±0.8 | 1±0.8 | 1±0.8 | 0.26 | |||
| Lifestyle only | 0 | 27% (368/1389) | 27% (329/1221) | 23% (39/168) | 0.70 | |||
| Monotherapy metformin | 20% (277/1389) | 20% (243/1221) | 20% (34/168) | |||||
| Monotherapy other OAD class | 17% (238/1389) | 17% (208/1221) | 18% (30/168) | |||||
| Metformin + SU derivative(s) | 31% (424/1389) | 31% (373/1221) | 30% (51/168) | |||||
| Other combination of two OAD classes | 4% (51/1389) | 4% (43/1221) | 5% (8/168) | |||||
| Metformin + two or three different OAD classes | 2% (31/1389) | 2% (25/1221) | 4% (6/168) | |||||
| Clinical values | ||||||||
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 21 | 6.7±0.8 (49±9) | 6.7±0.8 (49±9) | 6.6±0.8 (49±8) | 0.64 | |||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 105 | 29±5 | 29±5 | 29±5 | 0.88 | |||
Values are mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise specified; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OAD = oral antihyperglycemic drug; SU derivative = sulfonylurea derivative.