Table 1.
Positively regulated bacterial expression systems and examples of biotechnological applications.
| Expression system | Regulator family | Representative characteristics and applications | Selected references |
|---|---|---|---|
| NisR/PnisA | Unknown | L. lactis expression vectors, food‐grade and antibacterial inducer nisin, tight control, limited host range. | Kuipers et al. (1993); De Ruyter et al. (1996); Bryan et al. (2000); Monnéet al. (2005) |
| SapR/PsapA and SapR/PsapIP | Unknown | pSIP vectors, induced by peptide sakacin A or P, tightly controlled and high‐level expression in L. sakei and L. plantarum. | Sørvig et al. (2003; 2005); Axelsson et al. (2003) |
| StbR/stbD | Unknown | pTRKH2 vector, induced by peptide‐pheromone (STP), regulated expression in S. thermophilus, relatively high background expression. | Blomqvist et al. (2006) |
| PrpR/PprpB | Unknown | Expression vector, propionate‐inducible, regulated and high‐level expression, S. enterica and other enteric bacteria. | Lee and Keasling (2005; 2006) |
| TipAL/PtipA | MerR‐SoxR | Expression vectors, thiostrepton‐inducible, regulated and high‐level expression in Streptomyces spp. | Kuhstoss and Rao (1991); Takanao et al. (1995); Ali et al. (2002); Dong et al. (2004) |
| PxylA | Unknown | Expression vectors, xylose‐inducible, function in low G + C gram‐positive bacteria. | Qasi et al. (2001); Radha and Gunasekaran (2008) |
| PsacB | Unknown | Expression vectors, sucrose‐inducible, adjustable and high‐level expression in Bacillus spp | Ye et al. (1999); Biedendieck et al. (2007) |
| SnpR/PsnpA | LysR | E. coli‐Streptomyces shuttle vectors, high level expression in Streptomyces spp, no inducer reported. | DeSanti and Strohl (2003); Nikodinovic and Priestly (2006) |
| AlkS/PalkB | LysR | E. coli expression vectors, alkane and DCPK inducible, high‐level expression, HCDC. | Panke et al. (1999); Makart et al. (2007) |
| XylR/Pu | XylR‐NtrC | Broad‐host‐range expression vectors, inducers are substituted benzenes, catabolite repressed, growth phase regulated. | Blatny et al. (1997a,b) |
| AraC/PBAD | AraC‐XylS | Expression vectors, l‐arabinose‐inducible, high‐level expression phage display, HCDC, metabolic engineering, broad‐host range. | Guzman et al. (1995); DeLisa et al. (1999); Sukchawalita et al. (1999); Huang et al. (2000); Lim et al. (2000); Loessner et al. (2007) |
| RhaR‐RhaS/rhaBAD | AraC‐XylS | E. coli expression vectors, l‐rhamnose‐inducible, tigh tregulation, high‐level expression. | Haldimann et al. (1998); Wilms et al. (2001) |
| XylS/Pm | AraC‐XylS | Broad host‐range expression vectors, multiple inducers (substituted benzenes), tight control, high‐level expression, metabolic engineering, HCDC. | HCDC.Mermod et al. (1986); Blatny et al. (1997a,b); Brautaset et al., 1998; 2000); Winther‐Larsen et al., 2000a,b; Gimmestad et al. (2003); Sletta et al. (2004; 2007); Bakkevig et al. (2005) |
| NitR/PnitA | AraC‐XylS | Expression vector, hyper‐inducible (ε‐caprolactam) high‐level expression, functions in Streptomyces strains. | Komeda et al. (1996); Herai et al. (2004) |
| ChnR/Pb | AraC‐XylS | Broad‐host‐range vectors, cyclohexanone‐inducible, high‐level and tightly controlled expression, metabolic engineering. | Steigedal and Valla (2008) |