Table 5.
Fluoroquinolone efflux transporters characterized to date and their clinical implication.
| Microorganism | Efflux pumps that can extrude fluoroquinolones in a reproducible mannera | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RND | MFS | MATE | ABC | SMR | |
| Escherichia coli | AcrAB, AcrEF | MdfA | YdhE | ||
| Salmonella enterica | AcrAB, AcrEF | ||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | AcrAB | KmrA, KdeA | |||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | MexAB‐OprM, MexCD‐OprJ, MexEF‐OprN, MexXY, MexVW, MexHI‐OpmD, MexPQ‐OpmD | PmpM | |||
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | SmeDEF, SmeABC | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | AdeABC, AdeIJK | AbeM | |||
| Campylobacter jejuni | CmeABC, CmeDEF | ||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | NorA, NorB, NorC, SdrM | MepA | |||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | PmrA | PatA, PatB | |||
a.
Boldface type indicates those efflux pumps found overexpressed in fluoroquinolone‐resistant clinical isolates.