Table 3.
General characteristics, glycemic control and glucose level, DM complications and treatment modalities among diabetes subjects by osteoarthritis status (n=100)*
| General characteristics | OA status | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| OA (n=49) | Non-OA (n=51) | p-value | |
| Gender, female | 38 (77.6) | 26 (51.0) | 0.01 |
| Age, mean (SD) years | 57.5 (10.4) | 49.4 (13.9) | <0.01 |
| Median (25th- and 75th percentiles) | 59.5 (52.8, 63.0) | 52.3 (40.5, 59.2) | |
| Diabetes type | |||
| 1 | 4 (8.2) | 10 (19.6) | 0.10 |
| 2 | 45 (91.8) | 41 (80.4) | |
| Disease duration, mean (SD) years | 11.2 (10.6) | 10.9 (10.4) | 0.90 |
| Marital status, married | 29 (59.2) | 36 (70.6) | 0.23 |
| Education, <12 years | 31 (63.3) | 5 (30.0) | <0.01 |
| Smoking | 3 (6.1) | 10 (19.6) | 0.05 |
| Exercise | 9 (18.4) | 21 (41.2) | 0.01 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0, kg/m2) | 33(67.4) | 24 (47.1) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 37 (75.5) | 31 (60.8) | 0.12 |
| Dyslipidemia | 33 (67.4) | 29 (56.9) | 0.28 |
| Osteoporosis | 5 (10.2) | 3 (5.9) | 0.48 |
| Osteomyelitis | 2 (4.1) | 3 (5.9) | >0.99 |
| Depression | 18 (36.7) | 7 (13.7) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
|
Glycemic control and glucose level
| |||
| HbA1c, mean (SD) | (n=48) 8.3 (2.3) | (n=47) 7.9 (2.3) | 0.42 |
| Fasting blood glucose, Mean (SD) | (n=47) 163.2 (85.9) | (n=27) 146.6 (87.4) | 0.36 |
|
| |||
|
DM Complications
| |||
| Renal | 24 (48.9) | 15 (29.4) | 0.05 |
| Microalbuminuria | 10 (20.4) | 9 (17.7) | 0.73 |
| Proteinuria | 13 (26.5) | 6 (11.8) | 0.06 |
| ESRD | 1 (2.0) | 2 (3.9) | >0.99 |
| Retinopathy | 11 (22.5) | 12 (23.5) | 0.90 |
| Proliferative | 5 (10.2) | 8 (15.7) | 0.42 |
| Cataracts | 11 (22.5) | 7 (13.7) | 0.26 |
| Neurologic | 26 (53.1) | 25 (49.0) | 0.69 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 23 (46.9) | 21 (41.2) | 0.56 |
| Gastroparesis | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | 0.50 |
| Neurogenic bladder | 7 (14.3) | 1 (2.0) | 0.03 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 5 (10.2) | 2 (3.9) | 0.26 |
| Cardiovascular | 21 (42.9) | 12 (23.5) | 0.04 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 15 (30.6) | 9 (12.2) | 0.13 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12 (24.5) | 5 (9.8) | 0.05 |
|
| |||
|
Treatment modalities
| |||
| Insulin alone | 7 (14.3) | 18 (35.3) | 0.02 |
| Oral medications alone | 16 (32.7) | 14 (27.5) | 0.57 |
| Oral medications + insulin | 25 (51.0) | 19 (37.3) | 0.17 |
*
Data are frequencies (percentages) unless otherwise stated; OA: osteoarthritis; SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; CAD: coronary artery disease (includes: myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery).