. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2013 Jul 19;85(2):767–782. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12137

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Total Sample n = 33	Cohort 1 n = 12	Cohort 2 n = 12	Cohort 3 n = 9	p-value
Mean age at Time 1 in years (SD)	7.35 (0.9)	6.45 (0.3)	7.43 (0.3)	8.45 (0.5)	---
Females (% sample)	18 (55%)	7 (58%)	6 (50%)	5 (56%)	.92
Mean TONI-3 standard score (SD)	111 (13)	106 (12)	113 (10)	114 (19)	.40
Free or reduced lunch (% sample)	19 (58%)	6 (50%)	7 (58%)	6 (67%)	.75
U.S. born (% sample)	18 (55%)	8 (67%)	5 (42%)	5 (56%)	.45
Age of U.S. arrival in years (SD)	3.37 (1.9)	3.33 (1.5)	3.00 (1.8)	4.75 (2.5)	.43
Age of English (L2) onset in years	4.46 (1.3)	4.30 (1.1)	4.56 (1.1)	4.60 (2.1)	.54

Note. Age of U.S. arrival is reported for participants born outside of the US. Age of L2 onset is based on parent report and includes all participants. P-values correspond to separate nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests for each independent measure to compare Cohorts 1, 2, and 3. TONI-3 =Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, 3rd edition (Brown, Sherbenou, & Johnsen, 1997).