Figure 3.

Future concepts for regenerative therapies. Future therapies in terms of myocardial regeneration might be a consolidation of transplantation of cells with “true” regenerative potential, tissue engineering with various scaffolds and cell types, a stimulation of resident cell sources by cytokines or growth factors or a direct reprogramming of scar tissue by delivery of various transcription factors or miRNAs. ESCs, embryonic stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; NRG1, neuregulin 1; p38 MAP KI, p38 MAP kinase inhibitor; P, periostin; miRNA, micro RNA.