Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis of aspirin and risk of kidney cancer
| Study (year) | Country | Design | Outcome | No. of cases/controls or subjects |
Exposure definition | RR (95% CI) | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mclaughlin et al. (1985)19 |
USA | Population- based case- control |
RCC | 495/697 | Any use vs. no use Long duration (>3 yr) of any use vs. no use |
0.6 (0.4-0.9) M 1.6 (0.9-2.8) F 0.5 (0.2-1.0) M 1.8 (0.7-4.1) F |
Age, smoking |
| McCredie et al.a (1988)20 |
Austrailia | Population- based case- control |
Kidney cancer |
360/985 | Regular use vs. no use | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | Age, sex, smoking, phenacetin, paracetamol, antihypertensive drugs, urological disease |
| McCredie et al.b (1993)21 | Austrailia | Population- based case- control |
RCC | 489/523 | Regular use as a single drug (taken at least 20 times during lifetime) vs. no use |
1.0 (0.7-1.4) | Age, sex, smoking, obesity, method of interview |
| Chow et al. (1994)23 |
USA | Population- based case- control |
RCC | 440/691 | Any use vs. no use High intake (>5 kg) vs. no use |
0.9 (0.6-1.2) 0.8 (0.5-1.2) M 1.0 (0.6-1.9) F 0.6 (0.3-1.2) 0.8 (0.4-1.6) M 0.4 (0.2-1.1) F |
Age, smoking, BMI |
| Mellemgaard et al. (1994)24 |
Denmark | Population- based case- control |
RCC | 368/396 | Any use vs. no use High intake (>10 kg) vs. no use |
1.4 (0.9-2.1) 1.4 (0.8-2.7) M 1.3 (0.7-2.6) F 3.7 (1.0-13.8) 3.1 (0.3-29) M 4.0 (0.8-20.3) F |
Age, smoking (male), BMI (female), history of hypertension, socioeconomic status |
| McCredie et al.c (1995)25 |
Austrailia, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, USA |
Population- based case- control |
RCC | 1,732/2,309 | Regular use (≥0.1kg) vs. no use High intake (>5 kg) vs. no use |
1.1 (0.9-1.3) 1.0 (0.8-1.3) M 1.2 (0.9-1.5) F 1.2 (0.9-1.7) 1.2 (0.7-1.9) M 1.3 (0.8-2.1) F |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking, study center |
| Gago- Dominguez et al. (1999)28 |
USA | Population- based case- control |
RCC | 1,204/1,204 | Regular use (≥2/wk for at least a month) vs. no use High intake (≥8g/wk) vs. no use Long duration (≥10 yr) of daily use (>325 mg) vs. no use |
1.5 (1.2-1.8) 1.9 (1.3-2.8) 4.3 (1.6-11.3) |
Age, sex, race, smoking, BMI, education, history of hypertension, regular use of amphetamines |
| Tavani et al. (2010)30 |
Italy | Hospital- based case- control |
RCC | 755/1,297 | Regular use (≥6 months) vs. no use High intake (≥7 times/wk) vs. no use Long duration (≥ 3 yr) of regular use vs. no use |
0.98 (0.69-1.38) 1.12 (0.74-1.68) M 0.74 (0.38-1.41) F 0.97 (0.66-1.41) 1.04 (0.67-1.63) |
Age, sex, study center, year of interview, education, smoking, alcohol intake, history of diabetes and hypertension |
| Paganini-Hill et al. (1989)31 |
USA | Cohort (6.5y follow-up) |
Kidney cancer RCC |
25/ 13,987 |
Regular use (daily use) vs. no use |
4.0 (1.4-11.6) 6.3 (2.2-17) M 2.1 (0.53-8.5) F 6.3 (2.0-20) |
Age, sex |
| Schreinemach ers & Everson (1994)32 |
USA | Cohort (12.4 y follow-up) |
Kidney cancer |
32/ 14,407 |
Any use in the last 30 days vs. no use |
0.60 (0.29-1.24) | Age, sex |
| Friis et al. (2003)34 |
Denmark | Cohort (1989- 1997) |
Kidney cancer |
67/ 29,470 |
Any use vs. no use ( in general population) High intake (≥10 prescriptions) vs. no use (in general population) Long duration (5-9 yr) of any use vs. no use (in general population) |
1.4 (1.1-1.7) 1.6 (1.1-2.1) M 1.1 (0.7-1.6) F 1.7 (1.0-2.5) 1.7 (1.1-2.7) |
Age, sex |
| Jacobs et al. (2007)36 |
USA | Cohort (1992- 2003) |
Kidney cancer |
365/ 146,113 |
Any use vs. no use Long-duration (≥5 yr) of current daily use (≥325 mg) vs. no use |
0.99 (0.81-1.20) 1.13 (0.69-1.87) |
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, race, education, physical activity, use of hormone replacement therapy, history of mammography, history of colorectal endoscopy, history of PSA testing, use of nonaspirin NSAIDs, history of heart attack, diabetes, and hypertension |
| Cho et al. (2011)9 |
USA, | Cohort (1990- 2006, NHS; 1986-2006, HPFS) |
RCC | 333/126,928 | Regular use (≥2/wk) vs. no use Long duration (≥10 yr) of regular use vs. no use |
0.96 (0.75-1.23) 0.99 (0.71-1.37) M 0.93 (0.64-1.35) F 1.13 (0.73-1.74) 1.05 (0.58-1.87) M 1.24 (0.64-2.40) F |
Age, calendar year, smoking, BMI, history of hypertension, physical activity, fruit, vegetable, alcohol intakes, parity (female) |
M: Male, F: Female, RCC: Renal Cell Carcinoma, wk: week,BMI: Body Mass Index, NHS: Nurses’ Health Study, HPFS: Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, PSA: Prostate Specific Antigen.