Metabolic engineering strategies in Escherichia coli. Hydrogen is produced from formate through the formate hydrogenlyase system. Abbreviations: Hyd3, hydrogenase 3; FDHH, formate dehydrogenate‐H; FDHO, formate dehydrogenase‐O; Hyd1, hydrogenase 1; Hyd2, hydrogenase 2; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PEPC, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; and PFL, pyruvate formate lyase. The cross marks in the figure indicate inactivated genes.