Cell viability assays. HeLa (in black) were exposed to proflavine and CPMV-PF at 0.3 μM, 0.6 μM, 1.8 μM, and 2.9 μM concentration of proflavine (equates to a CPMV concentration of 0.002 μM, 0.004 μM, 0.012 μM, and 0.02 μM) for 24 h, and washed, and incubated for further 24 h in tissue culture medium, prior to analysis of cell viability using XTT assay. C = untreated control cells. HT-29 (in white) and PC-3 (in grey) were exposed to proflavine and CPMV-PF at 1.46 μM, 3.07 μM, 6.13 μM, and 16.06 μM concentration of proflavine (equates to a CPMV concentration of 0.010 μM, 0.021 μM, 0.042 μM, and 0.11 μM) for 24 h, and washed, and incubated for further 24 h in tissue culture medium, prior to analysis of cell viability using XTT assay. C = untreated control cells.