Table 2.
Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of aromatic medicinal plants and essential oils evaluated against multidrug resistant (MDR) human pathogens at 100 µg/mL concentration.
| Scientific name | Microorganisms; growth inhibition zones (6 millimeter in diameters) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KHW | TES | K.p | K.pr | P.a | S.a | St.p | S.p | V.d | V.d | |
| Adhatoda vasica Nees | 28 | 19 | 22 | 18 | 12 | — | 10 | 17 | 16 | — |
| Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb. | 29 | 17 | 9 | 10 | — | 15 | — | — | — | — |
| Alangium salvifolium (L.) f. Wangerin. | 15 | 10 | 8 | 8 | — | 12 | 9 | 10 | — | — |
| Andrographis echioides L. | 12 | 9 | — | — | — | 17 | 8 | 9 | — | — |
| Andrographis paniculata Wallich ex Nees | 26 | 21 | 19 | 13 | — | 25 | 8 | 16 | 12 | — |
| Acalypha indica L. | — | — | — | — | — | 18 | — | — | — | — |
| Acalypha lanceolata L. | — | — | 12 | 13 | — | 10 | — | — | 21 | — |
| Achyranthes aspera L. | — | — | 7 | 14 | — | 15 | 12 | 11 | — | — |
| Ageratum conyzoides L. | 10 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Asteracantha longifolia L. | 16 | 12 | — | — | — | 15 | — | — | — | — |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | 15 | 17 | 21 | 16 | 14 | 23 | 12 | 14 | — | — |
| Borassus flabellifer L. | 9 | 10 | 17 | 8 | — | — | 9 | 10 | — | — |
| Boerhavia erecta L. | — | — | 8 | 9 | 7 | 16 | — | — | — | — |
| Calotropis procera (L.) | — | — | 15 | — | 18 | 28 | 9 | — | — | — |
| Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br.ex Ait | 11 | 9 | — | — | — | 20 | — | — | 9 | 8 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum L. | 23 | — | — | 14 | — | 9 | 19 | — | — | — |
| Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. | 13 | 7 | 12 | 9 | — | 15 | 11 | 8 | — | — |
| Cassia auriculata L. | 17 | 13 | 12 | — | — | 19 | 13 | — | — | — |
| Cassia occidentalis L. | 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cassia tora L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cassia fistula L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Citrus acida Roxb. Hook.f. | 26 | 22 | — | 12 | 29 | 9 | 13 | 8 | — | |
| Cissus quadrangularis L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Garcin ex Blume | 14 | 16 | 7 | 20 | — | 22 | 19 | 7 | — | — |
| Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume | 20 | 16 | — | 15 | — | 16 | 12 | — | — | — |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | — | 9 | — | 10 | — | 7 | — | 8 | — | — |
| Centella asiatica (L.) | 9 | 8 | — | — | — | 11 | — | — | — | — |
| Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. | 13 | 7 | 12 | — | — | 15 | 11 | 8 | — | — |
| Clitoria ternatea L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Clitoria ternatea L. | 16 | 12 | — | 13 | — | 8 | 10 | — | — | — |
| Cleome gynandropsis L. | — | — | 12 | 19 | 11 | — | 9 | 15 | 12 | — |
| Cleome viscose L. | — | — | 8 | 10 | 14 | 20 | — | — | — | — |
| Coccinia grandis W & A | 9 | 10 | 17 | 8 | — | — | 9 | 10 | — | — |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) | 16 | 18 | — | 17 | — | 14 | — | — | — | — |
| Datura metel L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk | 20 | — | — | 9 | — | — | 10 | — | — | — |
| Euphorbia hirta Linn | 11 | — | — | — | — | 16 | — | — | — | — |
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | — | — | — | 7 | — | — | — | 7 | — | — |
| Eugenia caryophyllus Bullock & Harrison | — | 7 | — | 11 | — | 9 | — | 8 | — | — |
| Elettaria cardamomum White et Mason | 21 | 20 | 7 | 14 | — | 22 | 12 | 17 | — | — |
| Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. | 8 | 10 | 8 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.J. Aiton | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Jatropha curcas L. | — | — | — | 8 | — | 11 | — | 12 | — | 7 |
| Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link | 9 | 10 | 17 | 8 | — | 12 | 9 | 10 | — | — |
| Lawsonia inermis L. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Madhuca longifolia (L.) JF Macbr | 18 | 16 | 14 | 19 | 12 | — | 8 | 7 | 9 | — |
| Merremia hastate L. (Desr.) Hallier.f. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Morinda tinctoria Roxb | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mentha piperita L. | 23 | 17 | 26 | 12 | 20 | 25 | 19 | — | — | — |
| Ocimum sanctum L. | 12 | 9 | 11 | 7 | — | 15 | 7 | 8 | — | — |
| Oldenlandia umbellata L. | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | — | — | — | — |
| Piper attenuatum Buch. Hamex Miq. | 13 | 7 | 12 | 21 | — | 17 | 11 | 8 | — | — |
| Plumbago zeylanica (L.) Cav | 9 | 10 | 17 | 8 | — | 12 | 9 | 10 | — | — |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (L.) Spreng. | — | — | — | 8 | 11 | 15 | — | — | — | — |
| Phyllanthus debilis L. (Klein ex Willd) | 7 | 8 | — | 9 | — | 9 | 18 | 7 | — | — |
| Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. | 17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Premna tomentosa Willd. | 13 | 10 | — | 15 | — | 9 | 10 | — | — | — |
| Gloriosa superba L. | 17 | 16 | 7 | 8 | — | 15 | — | — | — | 8 |
| Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell Arg. | 19 | 12 | — | 17 | — | 13 | 19 | 8 | — | — |
| Solanum trilobatum L. | — | — | 13 | 9 | — | 8 | — | — | — | — |
| Sphaeranthus indicus L. | 20 | 18 | 21 | 7 | 22 | — | 11 | 9 | — | 16 |
| Swertia chirata (L.) Ham. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Terminalia arjuna (W. & A) | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | — | — | — | — |
| Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hoof.f & Thoms | — | — | 23 | 16 | — | 12 | 15 | — | — | — |
| Tridax procumbens L. | 9 | 8 | 7 | — | — | 14 | — | — | — | — |
| Tragia involucrata L. | 25 | 23 | 20 | — | — | 31 | 28 | 22 | 19 | — |
| Vitex negundo L. | — | — | — | — | — | 14 | — | — | — | — |
| Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | — | 16 | — | — | 8 | |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | 12 | 20 | — | — | — | 15 | 12 | — | — | — |
| Zingiber officinale Rosc. | 14 | 11 | 7 | 15 | — | 7 | 12 | 7 | — | — |
| Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston | 13 | 7 | 12 | 9 | — | — | 11 | 8 | — | — |
| Chloramphenicol (30 µg/disc) | 21 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 29 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 13 | 11 |
| Ceftazidime (30 µg/disc) | 33 | 16 | 22 | 19 | 16 | 25 | 21 | 20 | 12 | 15 |
*Bacteria (+/−). Results obtained in the disc diffusion assay; antibacterial activity is expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3), of the inhibition by the extract and its diameter around the discs. One way analysis of variance was performed (mean ± SD, n = 3 replicates). Size of inhibition zones were including the sterile blank discs 6 millimeter (mm) in diameters. Absence of bacterial inhibition indicates (—), antibiotic disc (30 µg/disc).