Table 3.

Randomized controlled trials demonstrating a beneficial effect of antioxidant therapy.

Source	Patients	Inclusion criteria	Antioxidant agent	Dose	Route	Endpoints	Followup	Events
CHAOS [106]	2002	Angiographically demonstrated CAD	Vit E	400/800 IU	PO	CV death + MI; nonfatal MI	510 d	CV death: 27 vit E, 23 pl; nonfatal MI: 14 vit E, 41 pl
WHS [107]	39876	Healthy women	Vit E	600 IU q48 h	PO	Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke)	10.1 y	CV events: Vit E 482, pl 517; CV death: Vit E 106, pl 140; MI: Vit E 196, pl 195
SPACE [108]	196	Hemodialysis CV disease pts	Vit E	800 IU	PO	Composite endpoint (MI, ACS, PAD, and stroke)	519 d	Composite endpoint: Vit E 15, pl 33; CV death: vit E 9, pl 15; nonfatal MI: vit E 8, pl 18
Tepel et al. [109]	134	Hemodialysis CV disease pts	Acetylcysteine	1200 mg	PO	Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, PTCA/CABG, PAD, and stroke)	14.5 m	Composite endpoint: acetylcysteine 18, pl 33
Milman et al. [110]	1434	Diabetes mellitus Hp 2-2 genotype	Vit E	400 IU	PO	Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke)	18 m	Composite endpoint: Vit E 16, pl 33

CAD: coronary artery disease; CV: cardiovascular; d: days; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: arterial hypertension; m: months; MI: myocardial infarction; MLD: minimal luminal diameter; na: not available; PAD: peripheral artery disease, pl: placebo; PO: per os; pts: patients; RF: risk factor; vit: vitamin; y: years.